{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "per tonne of ammonium sulfate (the dataset's basis); no plant size"
  },
  "benchmarks": [
    {
      "dataset": "ammonium-sulfate-neutralisation",
      "expression": "emission:PM / product:ammonium-sulfate",
      "family": "fertilizers",
      "kpi": "as-dryer-dust",
      "problem": "1 to kg/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "US",
          "technology": "ammonium sulfate dryers of caprolactam by-product, synthetic and coke-oven by-product plants",
          "year": 1980
        },
        "id": "us-nsps-1980-as-dryer",
        "note": "An upper limit (new, modified or reconstructed dryers), recorded as 0 to the limit; it is not a range of measured plants. 0.15 kg per Mg of ammonium sulfate produced.",
        "range": [
          0,
          0.15
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "US EPA (1980) Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources; Ammonium Sulfate Manufacture. Federal Register 45 (220): 74846, 12 November 1980; 40 CFR 60 subpart PP",
          "kind": "government",
          "locator": "Section 60.422, Standards for particulate matter",
          "url": "https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/sites/static/files/2015-07/documents/45fedreg74851.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Particulate to air from the ammonium sulfate dryer per t of product",
      "unit": "kg/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "ammonium-sulfate-neutralisation",
      "expression": "feed:electricity / product:ammonium-sulfate",
      "family": "fertilizers",
      "kpi": "as-specific-electricity",
      "no_open_reference": "No open source with an electricity figure for ammonium sulfate found (2026-11-05). Read: US EPA AP-42 section 8.4 and its background report (emissions only), the 1980 NSPS (control equipment energy only as a share of plant energy, no plant figure), the GEA Messo PT brochure (2010; pump power only as a ratio between crystallizer types), the UNIDO fertilizer manual chapter VIII (no utility figures), the LVIC-AAF BREF 2007 (no ammonium sulfate chapter). Not readable: Crystallization of Ammonium Sulphate, State of the Art and New Developments (ResearchGate, HTTP 403); CRU/BC Insight articles (paywalled). A web search (2026-11-05) found only university plant-design theses that state an installed electrical load in kVA. That is not consumption, so they were not used. The dataset's value is an ASSUMED analogue, the midpoint of the solid AN range of LVIC-AAF BREF Table 9.3 (25 to 60 kWh/t), not a check.",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Electricity per t of ammonium sulfate",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "ammonium-sulfate-neutralisation",
      "expression": "feed:steam / product:ammonium-sulfate",
      "family": "fertilizers",
      "kpi": "as-specific-steam-heat",
      "no_open_reference": "No open figure for the heat of an ammonium sulfate plant found (2026-11-05), in the sources listed under as-specific-electricity. GEA (2010, PDF p. 4) and UNIDO chapter VIII state qualitatively that a reaction crystallizer with concentrated reactants needs no external heat for evaporation; the dataset's value is the dryer only, our estimate with an ASSUMED efficiency. An evaporative (by-product) crystallizer is heated with steam and its energy is the main running cost (GEA 2010, PDF p. 6), so a figure for that route would not apply here.",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Steam, as heat delivered, per t of ammonium sulfate",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    }
  ],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "ammonia",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:ammonia",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "sulfuric-acid",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:sulfuric-acid",
        "note": "98.5 wt% acid, counted by mass of the acid; linked to sulfuric-acid-1 (lca/mappings.yaml)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:water",
        "note": "make-up to the centrifuge wash, closing the water balance (condensate returned, ASSUMED)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "ammonium-sulfate",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:ammonium-sulfate",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "emission:H2O",
        "note": "the water the dryer evaporates, as vapour to air",
        "role": "emission"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:electricity",
        "note": "ASSUMED analogue: solid ammonium nitrate, LVIC-AAF BREF Table 9.3 (25 to 60 kWh/t, midpoint)",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "steam",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:steam",
        "note": "dryer only, counted as heat delivered; our estimate with an ASSUMED dryer efficiency",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "cooling-water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "output:cooling-water",
        "note": "heat of reaction rejected in the vapour condenser (kWh), from NBS enthalpies of formation",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "",
  "design_basis": null,
  "engineering": null,
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "fossil",
      "mineral"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "fertilizers"
    ],
    "region": "generic",
    "unit_operations": [
      "reaction",
      "crystallization",
      "centrifugation",
      "drying"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "fertilizers"
  ],
  "gap_count": 1,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "ammonium-sulfate-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Aammonium-sulfate-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Aammonium-sulfate-1&process=ammonium-sulfate-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Aammonium-sulfate-1&process=ammonium-sulfate-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Aammonium-sulfate-1&process=ammonium-sulfate-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Aammonium-sulfate-1&process=ammonium-sulfate-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Aammonium-sulfate-1&process=ammonium-sulfate-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Aammonium-sulfate-1&process=ammonium-sulfate-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "ammonium sulfate",
    "ammonium sulphate",
    "neutralisation",
    "reaction crystallization",
    "saturator",
    "fertilizer",
    "ammonia",
    "sulfuric acid"
  ],
  "lca": null,
  "lci_gaps": [
    {
      "dataset": "ammonium-sulfate-neutralisation",
      "key": "emission:PM",
      "link": "biosphere",
      "type": "emission"
    }
  ],
  "maintainers": [],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": true,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174",
    "previews": null,
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "title": "US EPA (1993, reformatted 1995) AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 5th ed., Vol. I, section 8.4 Ammonium Sulfate",
      "url": "https://gaftp.epa.gov/ap42/ch08/s04/final/c08s04_1995.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Pacific Environmental Services for US EPA (1996) Background report, AP-42 section 6.18 (now 8.4), Ammonium Sulfate",
      "url": "https://epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-09/documents/final_background_document_for_ammonium_sulfate_section_8.4.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "UNIDO, fertilizer manual chapter VIII, Ammonium Salts, Nitric Acid, and Nitrates (UNIDO Open Archive document 19836, undated, literature to 1992)",
      "url": "https://downloads.unido.org/ot/48/19/4819811/15001-20000_19836.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "GEA Messo PT (2010) Ammonium Sulfate, Fertilizer Industry, brochure 03/2010 (manufacturer literature)",
      "url": "https://www.gea.com/assets/170152"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wagman, D.D. et al. (1982) The NBS tables of chemical thermodynamic properties. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 11, Suppl. 2, Table 14:S p. 2-58 and Table 18:N pp. 2-64 and 2-71",
      "url": "https://srd.nist.gov/JPCRD/jpcrdS2Vol11.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "European Commission, JRC (2007) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Manufacture of Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers (LVIC-AAF BREF), August 2007, Table 9.3 (electricity analogue only)",
      "url": "https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/lvic_aaf.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "US EPA (1980) Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources; Ammonium Sulfate Manufacture, 45 Fed. Reg. 74846 (40 CFR 60 subpart PP)",
      "url": "https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/sites/static/files/2015-07/documents/45fedreg74851.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/ammonium-sulfate-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [],
  "summary": "Tier 0 screening per tonne of crystalline ammonium sulfate from a continuous saturator-crystallizer: stoichiometry with US EPA dryer dust, no crystallizer heat (the heat of reaction evaporates the water, rejected to cooling water by an NBS enthalpy balance), an estimated dryer steam, electricity an ASSUMED analogue from solid ammonium nitrate. No flowsheet; not reviewed.",
  "title": "Ammonium sulfate by direct neutralisation of ammonia with sulfuric acid",
  "validation": {
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": null
}