{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "500 t/d GOX (14,600 Nm3/h) and 10,000 Nm3/h GAN; LOX and LIN 600 kg/h each",
    "location": "Assumed coastal industrial site",
    "operating_hours_per_year": 8400
  },
  "benchmarks": [
    {
      "dataset": "asu-1-500-t-d-gox",
      "expression": "product:CW / product:GOXP",
      "family": "air-separation",
      "kpi": "cooling-duty-gox",
      "no_open_reference": "No open source found that states the cooling-water duty of a cryogenic air separation unit per t of oxygen product with its conditions: a web search of EU BREFs, IEA reports, open-access peer-reviewed papers and manufacturer literature on 2026-10-25 found compressor powers but no heat-rejection range. Most of the heat rejected is the compressors' shaft work (an energy balance, not a benchmark), so the KPI is reported without a range until a source is found. A second web search on 2026-10-30 (cooling-water consumption or heat rejection per t O2 of cryogenic ASUs) found none either.",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to GJ/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Cooling-water duty (heat rejected) per t of gaseous oxygen product",
      "unit": "GJ/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "asu-1-500-t-d-gox",
      "expression": "1 - emission:O2 / ((feed:AIR - emission:H2O) * 0.2314)",
      "family": "air-separation",
      "kpi": "o2-recovery",
      "problem": "1 to % needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "pressure": "approximately atmospheric",
          "product": "gaseous oxygen",
          "purity": "99.5 vol% O2",
          "technology": "cryogenic double column, typical state of the art",
          "year": 2009
        },
        "id": "pfaff-kather-2009",
        "note": "A single typical value (the paper cites it from its reference 6), recorded as a zero-width range: no open source found states a range, so every value differs from it and needs an out_of_range_reason. The paper defines recovery as the molar flow of O2 in the oxygen product per O2 entering with the air. The paper's conditions (near-atmospheric delivery; whether an argon column is present is not recorded here) differ from ASU-1's (30 barg GOX, no argon column). A second search on 2026-10-30 for an open source that states a recovery range (web search of open-access journals, OSTI and NETL reports, the Smith and Klosek 2001 review as hosted by NETL, which gives no number, and EIGA and manufacturer literature) found none whose text could be read and checked. Two leads, not adopted because the stated range was seen only in search-engine summaries, not in the text: Luberti, Capocelli and Santori (2026) On the energetics of oxygen separation from air, Chem. Eng. Sci. 320, 122660, doi:10.1016/j.ces.2025.122660 (open access, CC BY; the summary gives 83 to 99 % recovery at 95 to 99.6 % purity for cryogenic distillation; the full text could not be retrieved here), and Singla and Chowdhury (2021) Chem. Eng. Process. 162, 108354, doi:10.1016/j.cep.2021.108354 (not open access; the summary gives 90 to 95 % at above 99.5 % O2 without argon extraction, citing an earlier source). Check the Luberti et al. text and add it as a reference with its locator if it states the range (docs/benchmarks.md, ASU-1).",
        "range": [
          97.85,
          97.85
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-10-25",
          "citation": "Pfaff, I., Kather, A. (2009) Comparative thermodynamic analysis and integration issues of CCS steam power plants based on oxy-combustion with cryogenic or membrane based air separation. Energy Procedia 1:495-502, doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2009.01.066",
          "kind": "peer-reviewed",
          "locator": "p. 496, section 2.1",
          "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2009.01.066"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Oxygen recovery (O2 in the products per O2 in the air feed)",
      "unit": "%",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "asu-1-500-t-d-gox",
      "expression": "feed:POWER / product:GOXP",
      "family": "air-separation",
      "kpi": "specific-power-gox",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "capacity": "330 to 770 t/d oxygen",
          "pressure": "up to 42 barg",
          "product": "gaseous oxygen, with GAN, LOX, LIN and argon as optional co-products",
          "purity": "99.5 to 99.8 % O2",
          "technology": "cryogenic, packaged standard ASU, internal compression of the products",
          "year": 2017
        },
        "id": "air-liquide-yango-2017",
        "note": "A manufacturer's published specification, not peer reviewed; it is independent of this library's datasets and the only open source found that states a range for high-purity oxygen at pipeline pressure. Per t of oxygen as the brochure states it (\"Specific energy: 400 to 600 kWh/t\"). The brochure does not say whether this is the whole plant's power or how co-product liquids and nitrogen compression count: basis unallocated is our interpretation, not a statement of the source. Replace or add a BREF, IEA or peer-reviewed range for these conditions when one is found. Rechecked 2026-10-30: the URL serves the brochure, and PDF page 8 states the range, purity, pressure and capacity recorded here. Open peer-reviewed figures for near-atmospheric delivery (e.g. about 0.25 kWh per kg O2 at 99.5 % in Pfaff and Kather 2009, Energy Procedia 1:495-502) do not apply to 30 barg and are single values, not ranges.",
        "range": [
          400,
          600
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-10-25",
          "citation": "Air Liquide Engineering & Construction (2017) Standard Plants: fully-packaged modular solutions, brochure, September 2017 (Yango standard air separation unit, specifications)",
          "kind": "manufacturer",
          "locator": "p. 8, Yango specifications (specific energy)",
          "url": "https://engineering-technologies.airliquide.com/sites/engineering/files/2022-09/air-liquide-e-c-standard-plants-september-2017.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Specific electric power per t of gaseous oxygen product",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    }
  ],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "air",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:AIR",
        "note": "85,810 Nm3/h dry CO2-free air, 85,840 Nm3/h with the CO2 (D-066), at 30 C, 1.013 bara and 80 % RH (D-058); the owner's design specification (D-099)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "oxygen",
        "grade": "gox-30barg-99.5",
        "inventory_key": "product:GOXP",
        "note": "GOX >= 99.5 mol% O2 at 30 barg",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "nitrogen",
        "grade": "gan-8barg-10ppm",
        "inventory_key": "product:GANP",
        "note": "GAN <= 10 ppm O2 at 8 barg",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "oxygen",
        "grade": "lox",
        "inventory_key": "product:LOX",
        "note": "LOX to backup storage",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "nitrogen",
        "grade": "lin",
        "inventory_key": "product:LIN",
        "note": "LIN to backup storage",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "argon",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "emission:AR",
        "note": "Not recovered: leaves with the waste nitrogen vent",
        "role": "emission"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "nitrogen",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "emission:N2",
        "note": "Waste nitrogen vent after TSA regeneration and evaporative cooling",
        "role": "emission"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:POWER",
        "note": "6.6 kV; MAC, GOX and GAN compressors, electric regeneration heater",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "cooling-water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:CW",
        "note": "25/35 C, heat rejected",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "ASU-1 separates atmospheric air in a double-column cold box. The main air compressor and a\ndirect-contact aftercooler feed a temperature-swing adsorption front end that removes water,\nCO2 and hydrocarbons. A booster-braked expander provides refrigeration, with Lachmann air to\nthe low-pressure column. Products are GOX >= 99.5 mol% O2, compressed to 30 barg for a\npipeline, and GAN <= 10 ppm O2 at 8 barg. LOX and LIN tanks with cryogenic pumps and\nambient-air vaporizers back up both pipelines. There is no argon column; argon leaves with\nthe waste nitrogen.\n\nAll flows, pressures and duties are concept estimates (about +/-30 %); see the design basis\nand DESIGN.md in the engineering files for every assumption.\n",
  "design_basis": {
    "assumptions": [
      "ASSUMED O2 recovery ~83 % (D-066: no argon column, 99.5 % purity, GAN drawn from the HP column (13 % of the HP column air), 13 % Lachmann air; was 94 %, which the simulated double column does not reach).",
      "ASSUMED MAC discharge 5.8 bara, HP column top 5.4 bara, LP column top 1.3 bara.",
      "ASSUMED refrigeration by booster-braked expander, Lachmann air to the LP column, ~11,500 Nm3/h, ~198 kW (D-061); the boosted air enters the main exchanger at 15 C (D-067).",
      "ASSUMED regeneration gas ~14,600 Nm3/h waste N2 (D-066), heated electrically to 200 C.",
      "ASSUMED DCAC air outlet 12 C via chilled water from an N2 evaporative cooler; no mechanical chiller. All waste N2 not used for regeneration goes to the evaporative cooler; its chilled water also trims the booster air to 15 C (D-067).",
      "ASSUMED GAN taken as pressurized N2 from the HP column top (~5.2 bara) and compressed to 9 bara.",
      "ASSUMED all flows, pressures, duties and DNs are concept estimates, accuracy about +/-30 %."
    ],
    "source": "process/design-basis.yaml"
  },
  "engineering": {
    "description": "Cryogenic air separation unit, double-column process without argon column. 500 t/d GOX 99.5 mol% at 30 barg (GOX compressor), 10,000 Nm3/h GAN <= 10 ppm O2 at 8 barg, LOX/LIN backup storage with cryogenic pumps and ambient-air vaporizers.",
    "name": "ASU-1 (500 t/d GOX)",
    "requires": "cheme-as-code>=0.8",
    "stage": "basic",
    "stages": [
      {
        "id": "concept",
        "title": "Concept and feasibility"
      },
      {
        "id": "basic",
        "title": "Basic engineering"
      },
      {
        "id": "detail",
        "title": "Detail engineering"
      }
    ],
    "tool": "plantcode"
  },
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "atmospheric",
      "electricity"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "industrial-gases"
    ],
    "region": "generic",
    "unit_operations": [
      "compression",
      "adsorption",
      "cryogenic-distillation",
      "heat-exchange",
      "expansion"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "air-separation",
    "industrial-gases",
    "cryogenic-separation"
  ],
  "gap_count": 0,
  "gates": {
    "checks": [
      {
        "id": "o2-safety-review",
        "stage": "basic",
        "status": "pass",
        "title": "Oxygen safety review (EIGA Doc 13/33/65 checklist) recorded"
      },
      {
        "id": "hydrocarbon-on-pid",
        "stage": "basic",
        "status": "pass",
        "title": "Sump hydrocarbon analyzer and LOX purge drawn on the cold box sheet"
      },
      {
        "id": "relief-on-pid",
        "stage": "basic",
        "status": "pass",
        "title": "Relief devices drawn on the cold box and product sheets"
      },
      {
        "id": "pids-valid",
        "stage": "basic",
        "status": "pass",
        "title": "Every P&ID and list validates"
      },
      {
        "id": "pids-exist",
        "stage": "basic",
        "status": "pass",
        "title": "At least one P&ID sheet"
      },
      {
        "id": "design-review",
        "stage": "basic",
        "status": "pass",
        "title": "A design review is recorded"
      }
    ],
    "counts": {
      "pass": 6
    },
    "total": 6
  },
  "id": "asu-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 6,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Aasu-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Aasu-1&process=asu-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Aasu-1&process=asu-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Aasu-1&process=asu-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Aasu-1&process=asu-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Aasu-1&process=asu-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Aasu-1&process=asu-1"
    },
    "open": [
      {
        "disciplines": [
          "process"
        ],
        "gate": "detail",
        "number": 64,
        "source": "control-review",
        "status": "open",
        "title": "[asu-1] Machine trips: do the waste and vent valves take the full GOX make, and where does the GAN go?",
        "type": "action",
        "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/64",
        "waiting": null
      },
      {
        "disciplines": [
          "control"
        ],
        "gate": "detail",
        "number": 65,
        "source": "control-review",
        "status": "open",
        "title": "[asu-1] Control system detail: anti-windup, bumpless transfer and the drawn signals",
        "type": "action",
        "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/65",
        "waiting": null
      },
      {
        "disciplines": [
          "layout",
          "piping"
        ],
        "gate": "detail",
        "number": 66,
        "source": "layout-review",
        "status": "open",
        "title": "[asu-1] P-04 drawing details and transmitter access",
        "type": "action",
        "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/66",
        "waiting": null
      },
      {
        "disciplines": [
          "control"
        ],
        "gate": "detail",
        "number": 102,
        "source": "internal",
        "status": "open",
        "title": "[asu-1] Draw the actuating systems with their fail actions on P-01..P-04",
        "type": "action",
        "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/102",
        "waiting": null
      },
      {
        "disciplines": [
          "control"
        ],
        "gate": "detail",
        "number": 103,
        "source": "internal",
        "status": "open",
        "title": "[asu-1] Set points and alarm limits from the equipment suppliers and the client",
        "type": "action",
        "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/103",
        "waiting": "input"
      },
      {
        "disciplines": [
          "process",
          "safety"
        ],
        "gate": "detail",
        "number": 104,
        "source": "hazop",
        "status": "open",
        "title": "[asu-1] Hydrocarbon action limits of AIA-3103 / AIA-4121 and what they trip",
        "type": "action",
        "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/104",
        "waiting": "input"
      },
      {
        "disciplines": [
          "control",
          "safety"
        ],
        "gate": "detail",
        "number": 106,
        "source": "hazop",
        "status": "open",
        "title": "[asu-1] LOPA / SIL session with the HAZOP team, the SRS and the SIS architecture",
        "type": "action",
        "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/106",
        "waiting": "input"
      },
      {
        "disciplines": [
          "control",
          "process"
        ],
        "gate": "detail",
        "number": 62,
        "source": "hazop",
        "status": "open",
        "title": "[asu-1] A handle for the liquid production: LIN-3001 flow control",
        "type": "change",
        "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/62",
        "waiting": null
      },
      {
        "disciplines": [
          "control",
          "mechanical"
        ],
        "gate": "detail",
        "number": 58,
        "source": "vendor",
        "status": "open",
        "title": "[asu-1] Vendor control data: surge lines, compander speed, override limits and what four controllers act on",
        "type": "hold",
        "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/58",
        "waiting": "input"
      },
      {
        "disciplines": [
          "control",
          "process"
        ],
        "gate": "detail",
        "number": 59,
        "source": "control-review",
        "status": "open",
        "title": "[asu-1] PIC-4101 set-point window and the GOX vent at turndown",
        "type": "hold",
        "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/59",
        "waiting": "input"
      },
      {
        "disciplines": [
          "mechanical",
          "process"
        ],
        "gate": "detail",
        "number": 63,
        "source": "control-review",
        "status": "open",
        "title": "[asu-1] Start-up prerequisites: regeneration gas, casing purge N2, cool-down and step times",
        "type": "hold",
        "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/63",
        "waiting": "input"
      },
      {
        "disciplines": [
          "electrical",
          "process"
        ],
        "gate": "detail",
        "number": 105,
        "source": "hazop",
        "status": "open",
        "title": "[asu-1] Backup supply continuity: emergency power and instrument air for the backup pumps and valves",
        "type": "tq",
        "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/105",
        "waiting": "input"
      }
    ],
    "open_by_gate": {
      "detail": {
        "action": 7,
        "change": 1,
        "hold": 3,
        "tq": 1
      }
    },
    "open_count": 12,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "ASU",
    "GOX",
    "GAN",
    "LOX",
    "LIN",
    "double column",
    "cold box",
    "TSA",
    "oxygen",
    "nitrogen",
    "cryogenic"
  ],
  "lca": {
    "allocation": "exergy",
    "backend": "factors",
    "boundary": "cradle-to-gate",
    "categories": [
      {
        "id": "climate-change",
        "method": "GWP100 (DESNZ 2026: AR4/AR5; direct emissions: IPCC 2021)",
        "title": "Climate change",
        "unit": "kg CO2-eq"
      }
    ],
    "contributions": [
      {
        "basis": "desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 64.9124,
        "key": "feed:POWER",
        "phase": "operation",
        "share": 0.9728,
        "status": "PROXY"
      },
      {
        "basis": "cooling-water",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.665027,
        "key": "product:CW",
        "phase": "operation",
        "share": 0.01,
        "status": "ESTIMATE"
      },
      {
        "basis": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.369282,
        "key": "construction:steel",
        "phase": "construction",
        "share": 0.0055,
        "status": "PROXY"
      },
      {
        "basis": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.278916,
        "key": "construction:equipment-cs",
        "phase": "construction",
        "share": 0.0042,
        "status": "PROXY"
      },
      {
        "basis": "desnz-ghg-2026:aluminium-cans-foil",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.185436,
        "key": "construction:equipment-al",
        "phase": "construction",
        "share": 0.0028,
        "status": "PROXY"
      },
      {
        "basis": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.0923206,
        "key": "maintenance:steel",
        "phase": "maintenance",
        "share": 0.0014,
        "status": "PROXY"
      },
      {
        "basis": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.069729,
        "key": "maintenance:equipment-cs",
        "phase": "maintenance",
        "share": 0.001,
        "status": "PROXY"
      },
      {
        "basis": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.0600083,
        "key": "construction:equipment-ss",
        "phase": "construction",
        "share": 0.0009,
        "status": "PROXY"
      },
      {
        "basis": "desnz-ghg-2026:aluminium-cans-foil",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.0463589,
        "key": "maintenance:equipment-al",
        "phase": "maintenance",
        "share": 0.0007,
        "status": "PROXY"
      },
      {
        "basis": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.0150021,
        "key": "maintenance:equipment-ss",
        "phase": "maintenance",
        "share": 0.0002,
        "status": "PROXY"
      },
      {
        "basis": "desnz-ghg-2026:lorry-hgv-gb",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.013074,
        "key": "transport:construction-to-site",
        "phase": "construction",
        "share": 0.0002,
        "status": "PROXY"
      },
      {
        "basis": "concrete-m3",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.00880476,
        "key": "construction:concrete",
        "phase": "construction",
        "share": 0.0001,
        "status": "ESTIMATE"
      },
      {
        "basis": "desnz-ghg-2026:lorry-hgv-gb",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.008489,
        "key": "transport:consumables-to-site",
        "phase": "transport",
        "share": 0.0001,
        "status": "PROXY"
      }
    ],
    "data_sources": [
      {
        "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0 (UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting 2026, DESNZ).",
        "id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
        "licence": "OGL-3.0",
        "provider": "UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ)",
        "publication": "public",
        "title": "UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting 2026 (flat file)",
        "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-2026",
        "version": "2026 v1.2 (flat file republished 2026-07-31)"
      },
      {
        "attribution": "Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), indicator ENER038 'Greenhouse gas emission intensity of electricity generation in Europe' (2026), https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emission-intensity-of-1, CC BY; values converted from g to kg CO2e per kWh.",
        "id": "eea-ener038-2024",
        "licence": "CC BY (version not stated) under the EEA legal notice (https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/legal-notice): re-use, including commercial, with the EEA acknowledged in each copy and the meaning not distorted",
        "provider": "European Environment Agency (EEA)",
        "publication": "public",
        "title": "Greenhouse gas emission intensity of electricity generation in Europe (indicator ENER038)",
        "url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emission-intensity-of-1",
        "version": "ENER038, data 1990-2024, published 2026-07-10"
      }
    ],
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        "applicability": null,
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        "description": "Design case: the D-099 design air (30 C, 80 % RH, 1.013 bara, 85,840 Nm3/h dry; design specification), ~83 % O2 recovery (D-066, ASSUMED)",
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            },
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    "goal": "Cradle-to-gate carbon footprint of pipeline GOX at 30 barg for the concept stage: which utilities dominate. A screening carbon footprint on open background data (UK DESNZ 2026 as a proxy for an undecided site, D-092): flows and duties are concept estimates (+/-30 %), and the flows no open factor covers are listed as gaps.",
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        "publication": {
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        ],
        "record": "scenarios/asu-1/baseline.json",
        "record_id": "asu-1-500-t-d-gox/design/baseline",
        "relation": "baseline",
        "source": null,
        "stale": false,
        "title": null,
        "totals": {
          "climate-change": 66.7248
        },
        "warnings": [
          "1 equipment items have no dimensions.weight: gaps of their construction entry, not counted as 0: E-3103",
          "consumable molecular-sieve is replaced or charged, but has no disposal: what goes in does not come out",
          "emission sources the flowsheet does not carry, with neither an estimate nor a declared exclusion: V-3101 (a Tank: storage-tank), T-4101 (a Tank: storage-tank), T-4102 (a Tank: storage-tank)",
          "product GOXP (GOX to pipeline) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product GANP (GAN to battery limit) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product LOX (LOX to storage) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product LIN (LIN to storage) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product VENT (Vent to atmosphere) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product COND (Condensate (MAC cooler drains; DCAC condensate into its circulating water)) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product CW (Cooling water return (heat rejected)) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "step C1101U (Cooling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step C1102 (Cooling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step K3101 (Compressing) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step E3105 (Cooling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step C3101 (Distilling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step HL3101 (ExchangingThermalEnergy) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step C3102 (Distilling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory"
        ],
        "withheld_reason": null,
        "year": 2026
      },
      {
        "allocation": {
          "method": "exergy",
          "shares": {
            "GANP": 0.238554,
            "GOXP": 0.701833,
            "LIN": 0.0289436,
            "LOX": 0.0306694
          }
        },
        "boundary": "cradle-to-gate",
        "categories": [
          {
            "id": "climate-change",
            "method": "GWP100 (DESNZ 2026: AR4/AR5; direct emissions: IPCC 2021)",
            "unit": "kg CO2-eq"
          }
        ],
        "classification": "partial",
        "comparability": {
          "compared": [
            {
              "baseline": "cooling-water",
              "differences": [
                {
                  "baseline": null,
                  "dimension": "basis",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": "direct",
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": null,
                  "dimension": "accounting",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": "generation",
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": null,
                  "dimension": "delivery",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": "generation",
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": "AR4/AR5",
                  "dimension": "gwp",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": null,
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": null,
                  "dimension": "mix",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": "grid-average",
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": 2026,
                  "dimension": "year",
                  "kind": "differs",
                  "scenario": 2024,
                  "severity": "soft"
                }
              ],
              "scenario": "cooling-water-de"
            },
            {
              "baseline": "desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb",
              "differences": [
                {
                  "baseline": "direct+upstream",
                  "dimension": "basis",
                  "kind": "differs",
                  "scenario": "direct",
                  "severity": "hard"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": null,
                  "dimension": "accounting",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": "generation",
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": "consumer",
                  "dimension": "delivery",
                  "kind": "differs",
                  "scenario": "generation",
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": "AR4/AR5",
                  "dimension": "gwp",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": null,
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": 2025,
                  "dimension": "year",
                  "kind": "differs",
                  "scenario": 2024,
                  "severity": "soft"
                }
              ],
              "scenario": "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-de",
              "years": {
                "baseline": "data_year",
                "scenario": "year"
              }
            }
          ],
          "reasons": [
            "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-de against desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb: basis differs (direct+upstream / direct)",
            "cooling-water-de against cooling-water: basis is not declared on one side (None / direct)",
            "cooling-water-de against cooling-water: accounting is not declared on one side (None / generation)",
            "cooling-water-de against cooling-water: delivery is not declared on one side (None / generation)",
            "cooling-water-de against cooling-water: gwp is not declared on one side (AR4/AR5 / None)",
            "cooling-water-de against cooling-water: mix is not declared on one side (None / grid-average)",
            "cooling-water-de against cooling-water: year differs (2026 / 2024)",
            "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-de against desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb: accounting is not declared on one side (None / generation)",
            "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-de against desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb: delivery differs (consumer / generation)",
            "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-de against desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb: gwp is not declared on one side (AR4/AR5 / None)",
            "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-de against desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb: year differs (2025 / 2024) [data_year / year]",
            "declared proxy: feed:POWER",
            "keeps a background of another geography than the scenario's"
          ],
          "verdict": "not comparable"
        },
        "comparable": true,
        "design_case": "design",
        "dropped": [],
        "electricity": "grid-average",
        "foreground_fingerprint": "sha256:8cbb126bf7a1363cb4756f9fe8c02eac4dd331912b8ba5ae37442a2e331145ab",
        "functional_unit": {
          "amount": 1.0,
          "kg": 1000.0,
          "product": "GOXP",
          "reference_amount": {
            "unit": "kg",
            "value": 1000.0
          },
          "unit": "t"
        },
        "gaps": 18,
        "id": "de-grid",
        "kind": "background",
        "layers": {
          "foreground": "foreground",
          "impacts": "characterized-impact",
          "linked_inventory": "linked-inventory"
        },
        "links": [
          {
            "amount": 113335.0,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "free",
            "key": "feed:AIR",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "free",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Ambient air",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 10465.0,
            "background": "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-de",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb",
            "key": "feed:POWER",
            "location": "DE",
            "note": "EEA ENER038 2024 DE: direct emissions per kWh of gross generation (no T&D losses, no upstream) stand in for grid supply at the consumer; the UK baseline includes both",
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": true,
            "scope": {
              "accounting": "generation",
              "basis": "direct",
              "delivery": "generation",
              "gases": "co2e",
              "mix": "grid-average"
            },
            "source_id": "eea-ener038-2024",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Electric power (6.6 kV grid supply)",
            "unit": "kWh",
            "year": 2024
          },
          {
            "amount": 76772.8,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "emission",
            "key": "product:VENT",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "released",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Vent to atmosphere",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 2252.29,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "emission",
            "key": "product:COND",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "released",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Condensate (MAC cooler drains; DCAC condensate into its circulating water)",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 10721.4,
            "background": "cooling-water-de",
            "baseline": "factor:cooling-water",
            "key": "product:CW",
            "location": "DE",
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": true,
            "scope": {
              "accounting": "generation",
              "basis": "direct",
              "delivery": "generation",
              "gases": "co2e",
              "mix": "grid-average"
            },
            "source_id": "eea-ener038-2024",
            "state": "linked",
            "status": "ESTIMATE",
            "title": "Cooling water return (heat rejected)",
            "unit": "kWh",
            "year": 2024
          },
          {
            "amount": 1342.86,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "free",
            "key": "emission:AR",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "free",
            "status": null,
            "title": "AR to the environment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 70.7888,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "free",
            "key": "emission:CO2",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "free",
            "status": null,
            "title": "CO2 to the environment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 2394.41,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "free",
            "key": "emission:H2O",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "free",
            "status": null,
            "title": "H2O to the environment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 70798.9,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "free",
            "key": "emission:N2",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "free",
            "status": null,
            "title": "N2 to the environment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 4418.11,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "free",
            "key": "emission:O2",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "free",
            "status": null,
            "title": "O2 to the environment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 2.8718,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "key": "construction:steel",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK construction metals (primary) for rack and structure steel",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Structural steel",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.0246471,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per m of pipe; the take-off gives length by DN, not mass",
            "key": "construction:pipe",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per m of pipe; the take-off gives length by DN, not mass",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Pipe",
            "unit": "m",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.000917814,
            "background": "concrete-m3",
            "baseline": "factor:concrete-m3",
            "key": "construction:concrete",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": null,
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "linked",
            "status": "ESTIMATE",
            "title": "Concrete",
            "unit": "m3",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.00295929,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per m2 of grating",
            "key": "construction:grating",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per m2 of grating",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Grating",
            "unit": "m2",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.0015202,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: the take-off gives m2; the open insulation factor is per t",
            "key": "construction:insulation",
            "location": null,
            "note": "the take-off gives m2; the open insulation factor is per t",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Pipe insulation",
            "unit": "m2",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.000542857,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:valves",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Valves",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.00187143,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:flanges",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Flanges",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.00187143,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:gaskets",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Gaskets",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.00379524,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:elbows",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Elbows",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.000352381,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:tees",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Tees",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 4.7619e-06,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:reducers",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Reducers",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 3.33333e-05,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:inline",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "In-line items",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.604762,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:aluminium-cans-foil",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:aluminium-cans-foil",
            "key": "construction:equipment-al",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK primary aluminium of cans and foil (excl. forming) for brazed exchanger aluminium",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Aluminium equipment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 2.16905,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "key": "construction:equipment-cs",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK construction metals (primary) for carbon steel shells and casings",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Carbon steel equipment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.466667,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "key": "construction:equipment-ss",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK construction metals (primary) for stainless steel: likely an underestimate (alloying elements)",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Stainless steel equipment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.714286,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor for 13X molecular sieve or activated alumina production",
            "key": "consumable:molecular-sieve",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor for 13X molecular sieve or activated alumina production",
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Molecular sieve 13X and activated alumina (V-2101A/B)",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.238095,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor for lubricating oil production",
            "key": "consumable:lube-oil",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor for lubricating oil production",
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Lubricating oil (K-1101, K-4101, K-4102, K-3101)",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.71795,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "key": "maintenance:steel",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK construction metals (primary) for rack and structure steel",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Maintenance: Structural steel",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.00616177,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per m of pipe; the take-off gives length by DN, not mass",
            "key": "maintenance:pipe",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per m of pipe; the take-off gives length by DN, not mass",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Maintenance: Pipe",
            "unit": "m",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.00038005,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: the take-off gives m2; the open insulation factor is per t",
            "key": "maintenance:insulation",
            "location": null,
            "note": "the take-off gives m2; the open insulation factor is per t",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Maintenance: Pipe insulation",
            "unit": "m2",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.000135714,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "maintenance:valves",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Maintenance: Valves",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.15119,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:aluminium-cans-foil",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:aluminium-cans-foil",
            "key": "maintenance:equipment-al",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK primary aluminium of cans and foil (excl. forming) for brazed exchanger aluminium",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Maintenance: Aluminium equipment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.542262,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "key": "maintenance:equipment-cs",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK construction metals (primary) for carbon steel shells and casings",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Maintenance: Carbon steel equipment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.116667,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "key": "maintenance:equipment-ss",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK construction metals (primary) for stainless steel: likely an underestimate (alloying elements)",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Maintenance: Stainless steel equipment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 3.05614,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:lorry-hgv-gb",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:lorry-hgv-gb",
            "key": "transport:construction-to-site",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK average non-refrigerated HGV, average laden, incl. WTT",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Transport (500 km)",
            "unit": "tkm",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 1.98436,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:lorry-hgv-gb",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:lorry-hgv-gb",
            "key": "transport:consumables-to-site",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK average non-refrigerated HGV, average laden, incl. WTT",
            "phase": "transport",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Transport (800 km)",
            "unit": "tkm",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 6.19595,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open recycling credit: the DESNZ material factors are not suitable for recycling benefits (methodology 12.1)",
            "key": "end-of-life:steel-recycling",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open recycling credit: the DESNZ material factors are not suitable for recycling benefits (methodology 12.1)",
            "phase": "end-of-life",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "End of life: steel-recycling",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.680357,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open recycling credit: the DESNZ material factors are not suitable for recycling benefits (methodology 12.1)",
            "key": "end-of-life:aluminium-recycling",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open recycling credit: the DESNZ material factors are not suitable for recycling benefits (methodology 12.1)",
            "phase": "end-of-life",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "End of life: aluminium-recycling",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          }
        ],
        "location": "DE",
        "notes": [
          "background sensitivity: the foreground is the baseline's; physical flows and duties are unchanged"
        ],
        "partial_categories": [
          "climate-change"
        ],
        "publication": {
          "policy": "public",
          "publishable": true,
          "restricted_by": []
        },
        "reasons": [
          "18 exchanges without a burden in some category",
          "factors ESTIMATE, PROXY",
          "climate categories only: a carbon footprint, not a multi-impact LCA",
          "geography mismatch"
        ],
        "record": "scenarios/asu-1/de-grid.json",
        "record_id": "asu-1-500-t-d-gox/design/de-grid",
        "relation": "unchanged",
        "source": "D-107: EEA ENER038 2024 (CC BY, EEA legal notice), packaged in core as eea-ener038-2024",
        "stale": false,
        "title": "Site in Germany: grid average (EEA 2024, generation-based)",
        "totals": {
          "climate-change": 104.657
        },
        "warnings": [
          "1 equipment items have no dimensions.weight: gaps of their construction entry, not counted as 0: E-3103",
          "consumable molecular-sieve is replaced or charged, but has no disposal: what goes in does not come out",
          "scenario de-grid: 4 backgrounds represent another geography than the scenario's (DE): concrete-m3, desnz-ghg-2026:aluminium-cans-foil, desnz-ghg-2026:lorry-hgv-gb, desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
          "emission sources the flowsheet does not carry, with neither an estimate nor a declared exclusion: V-3101 (a Tank: storage-tank), T-4101 (a Tank: storage-tank), T-4102 (a Tank: storage-tank)",
          "product GOXP (GOX to pipeline) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product GANP (GAN to battery limit) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product LOX (LOX to storage) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product LIN (LIN to storage) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product VENT (Vent to atmosphere) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product COND (Condensate (MAC cooler drains; DCAC condensate into its circulating water)) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product CW (Cooling water return (heat rejected)) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "step C1101U (Cooling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step C1102 (Cooling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step K3101 (Compressing) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step E3105 (Cooling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step C3101 (Distilling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step HL3101 (ExchangingThermalEnergy) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step C3102 (Distilling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory"
        ],
        "withheld_reason": null,
        "year": 2024
      },
      {
        "allocation": {
          "method": "exergy",
          "shares": {
            "GANP": 0.238554,
            "GOXP": 0.701833,
            "LIN": 0.0289436,
            "LOX": 0.0306694
          }
        },
        "boundary": "cradle-to-gate",
        "categories": [
          {
            "id": "climate-change",
            "method": "GWP100 (DESNZ 2026: AR4/AR5; direct emissions: IPCC 2021)",
            "unit": "kg CO2-eq"
          }
        ],
        "classification": "partial",
        "comparability": {
          "compared": [
            {
              "baseline": "cooling-water",
              "differences": [
                {
                  "baseline": null,
                  "dimension": "basis",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": "direct",
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": null,
                  "dimension": "accounting",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": "generation",
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": null,
                  "dimension": "delivery",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": "generation",
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": "AR4/AR5",
                  "dimension": "gwp",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": null,
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": null,
                  "dimension": "mix",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": "grid-average",
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": 2026,
                  "dimension": "year",
                  "kind": "differs",
                  "scenario": 2024,
                  "severity": "soft"
                }
              ],
              "scenario": "cooling-water-nl"
            },
            {
              "baseline": "desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb",
              "differences": [
                {
                  "baseline": "direct+upstream",
                  "dimension": "basis",
                  "kind": "differs",
                  "scenario": "direct",
                  "severity": "hard"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": null,
                  "dimension": "accounting",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": "generation",
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": "consumer",
                  "dimension": "delivery",
                  "kind": "differs",
                  "scenario": "generation",
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": "AR4/AR5",
                  "dimension": "gwp",
                  "kind": "undeclared",
                  "scenario": null,
                  "severity": "soft"
                },
                {
                  "baseline": 2025,
                  "dimension": "year",
                  "kind": "differs",
                  "scenario": 2024,
                  "severity": "soft"
                }
              ],
              "scenario": "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-nl",
              "years": {
                "baseline": "data_year",
                "scenario": "year"
              }
            }
          ],
          "reasons": [
            "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-nl against desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb: basis differs (direct+upstream / direct)",
            "cooling-water-nl against cooling-water: basis is not declared on one side (None / direct)",
            "cooling-water-nl against cooling-water: accounting is not declared on one side (None / generation)",
            "cooling-water-nl against cooling-water: delivery is not declared on one side (None / generation)",
            "cooling-water-nl against cooling-water: gwp is not declared on one side (AR4/AR5 / None)",
            "cooling-water-nl against cooling-water: mix is not declared on one side (None / grid-average)",
            "cooling-water-nl against cooling-water: year differs (2026 / 2024)",
            "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-nl against desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb: accounting is not declared on one side (None / generation)",
            "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-nl against desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb: delivery differs (consumer / generation)",
            "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-nl against desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb: gwp is not declared on one side (AR4/AR5 / None)",
            "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-nl against desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb: year differs (2025 / 2024) [data_year / year]",
            "declared proxy: feed:POWER",
            "keeps a background of another geography than the scenario's"
          ],
          "verdict": "not comparable"
        },
        "comparable": true,
        "design_case": "design",
        "dropped": [],
        "electricity": "grid-average",
        "foreground_fingerprint": "sha256:8cbb126bf7a1363cb4756f9fe8c02eac4dd331912b8ba5ae37442a2e331145ab",
        "functional_unit": {
          "amount": 1.0,
          "kg": 1000.0,
          "product": "GOXP",
          "reference_amount": {
            "unit": "kg",
            "value": 1000.0
          },
          "unit": "t"
        },
        "gaps": 18,
        "id": "nl-grid",
        "kind": "background",
        "layers": {
          "foreground": "foreground",
          "impacts": "characterized-impact",
          "linked_inventory": "linked-inventory"
        },
        "links": [
          {
            "amount": 113335.0,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "free",
            "key": "feed:AIR",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "free",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Ambient air",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 10465.0,
            "background": "eea-ener038-2024:electricity-nl",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:electricity-gb",
            "key": "feed:POWER",
            "location": "NL",
            "note": "EEA ENER038 2024 NL: direct emissions per kWh of gross generation (no T&D losses, no upstream) stand in for grid supply at the consumer; the UK baseline includes both",
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": true,
            "scope": {
              "accounting": "generation",
              "basis": "direct",
              "delivery": "generation",
              "gases": "co2e",
              "mix": "grid-average"
            },
            "source_id": "eea-ener038-2024",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Electric power (6.6 kV grid supply)",
            "unit": "kWh",
            "year": 2024
          },
          {
            "amount": 76772.8,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "emission",
            "key": "product:VENT",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "released",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Vent to atmosphere",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 2252.29,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "emission",
            "key": "product:COND",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "released",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Condensate (MAC cooler drains; DCAC condensate into its circulating water)",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 10721.4,
            "background": "cooling-water-nl",
            "baseline": "factor:cooling-water",
            "key": "product:CW",
            "location": "NL",
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": true,
            "scope": {
              "accounting": "generation",
              "basis": "direct",
              "delivery": "generation",
              "gases": "co2e",
              "mix": "grid-average"
            },
            "source_id": "eea-ener038-2024",
            "state": "linked",
            "status": "ESTIMATE",
            "title": "Cooling water return (heat rejected)",
            "unit": "kWh",
            "year": 2024
          },
          {
            "amount": 1342.86,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "free",
            "key": "emission:AR",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "free",
            "status": null,
            "title": "AR to the environment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 70.7888,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "free",
            "key": "emission:CO2",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "free",
            "status": null,
            "title": "CO2 to the environment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 2394.41,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "free",
            "key": "emission:H2O",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "free",
            "status": null,
            "title": "H2O to the environment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 70798.9,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "free",
            "key": "emission:N2",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "free",
            "status": null,
            "title": "N2 to the environment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 4418.11,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "free",
            "key": "emission:O2",
            "location": null,
            "note": null,
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "free",
            "status": null,
            "title": "O2 to the environment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 2.8718,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "key": "construction:steel",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK construction metals (primary) for rack and structure steel",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Structural steel",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.0246471,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per m of pipe; the take-off gives length by DN, not mass",
            "key": "construction:pipe",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per m of pipe; the take-off gives length by DN, not mass",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Pipe",
            "unit": "m",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.000917814,
            "background": "concrete-m3",
            "baseline": "factor:concrete-m3",
            "key": "construction:concrete",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": null,
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "linked",
            "status": "ESTIMATE",
            "title": "Concrete",
            "unit": "m3",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.00295929,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per m2 of grating",
            "key": "construction:grating",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per m2 of grating",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Grating",
            "unit": "m2",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.0015202,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: the take-off gives m2; the open insulation factor is per t",
            "key": "construction:insulation",
            "location": null,
            "note": "the take-off gives m2; the open insulation factor is per t",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Pipe insulation",
            "unit": "m2",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.000542857,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:valves",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Valves",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.00187143,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:flanges",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Flanges",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.00187143,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:gaskets",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Gaskets",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.00379524,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:elbows",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Elbows",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.000352381,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:tees",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Tees",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 4.7619e-06,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:reducers",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Reducers",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 3.33333e-05,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "construction:inline",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "In-line items",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.604762,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:aluminium-cans-foil",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:aluminium-cans-foil",
            "key": "construction:equipment-al",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK primary aluminium of cans and foil (excl. forming) for brazed exchanger aluminium",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Aluminium equipment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 2.16905,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "key": "construction:equipment-cs",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK construction metals (primary) for carbon steel shells and casings",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Carbon steel equipment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.466667,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "key": "construction:equipment-ss",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK construction metals (primary) for stainless steel: likely an underestimate (alloying elements)",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Stainless steel equipment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.714286,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor for 13X molecular sieve or activated alumina production",
            "key": "consumable:molecular-sieve",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor for 13X molecular sieve or activated alumina production",
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Molecular sieve 13X and activated alumina (V-2101A/B)",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.238095,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor for lubricating oil production",
            "key": "consumable:lube-oil",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor for lubricating oil production",
            "phase": "operation",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Lubricating oil (K-1101, K-4101, K-4102, K-3101)",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.71795,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "key": "maintenance:steel",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK construction metals (primary) for rack and structure steel",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Maintenance: Structural steel",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.00616177,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per m of pipe; the take-off gives length by DN, not mass",
            "key": "maintenance:pipe",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per m of pipe; the take-off gives length by DN, not mass",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Maintenance: Pipe",
            "unit": "m",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.00038005,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: the take-off gives m2; the open insulation factor is per t",
            "key": "maintenance:insulation",
            "location": null,
            "note": "the take-off gives m2; the open insulation factor is per t",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Maintenance: Pipe insulation",
            "unit": "m2",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.000135714,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open factor per piece",
            "key": "maintenance:valves",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open factor per piece",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "Maintenance: Valves",
            "unit": "ea",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.15119,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:aluminium-cans-foil",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:aluminium-cans-foil",
            "key": "maintenance:equipment-al",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK primary aluminium of cans and foil (excl. forming) for brazed exchanger aluminium",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Maintenance: Aluminium equipment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.542262,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "key": "maintenance:equipment-cs",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK construction metals (primary) for carbon steel shells and casings",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Maintenance: Carbon steel equipment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.116667,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
            "key": "maintenance:equipment-ss",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK construction metals (primary) for stainless steel: likely an underestimate (alloying elements)",
            "phase": "maintenance",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Maintenance: Stainless steel equipment",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 3.05614,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:lorry-hgv-gb",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:lorry-hgv-gb",
            "key": "transport:construction-to-site",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK average non-refrigerated HGV, average laden, incl. WTT",
            "phase": "construction",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Transport (500 km)",
            "unit": "tkm",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 1.98436,
            "background": "desnz-ghg-2026:lorry-hgv-gb",
            "baseline": "factor:desnz-ghg-2026:lorry-hgv-gb",
            "key": "transport:consumables-to-site",
            "location": "GB",
            "note": "UK average non-refrigerated HGV, average laden, incl. WTT",
            "phase": "transport",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": {
              "gases": "co2e",
              "gwp": "AR4/AR5"
            },
            "source_id": "desnz-ghg-2026",
            "state": "proxy",
            "status": "PROXY",
            "title": "Transport (800 km)",
            "unit": "tkm",
            "year": 2026
          },
          {
            "amount": 6.19595,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open recycling credit: the DESNZ material factors are not suitable for recycling benefits (methodology 12.1)",
            "key": "end-of-life:steel-recycling",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open recycling credit: the DESNZ material factors are not suitable for recycling benefits (methodology 12.1)",
            "phase": "end-of-life",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "End of life: steel-recycling",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          },
          {
            "amount": 0.680357,
            "background": null,
            "baseline": "missing: no open recycling credit: the DESNZ material factors are not suitable for recycling benefits (methodology 12.1)",
            "key": "end-of-life:aluminium-recycling",
            "location": null,
            "note": "no open recycling credit: the DESNZ material factors are not suitable for recycling benefits (methodology 12.1)",
            "phase": "end-of-life",
            "replaced": false,
            "scope": null,
            "source_id": null,
            "state": "missing",
            "status": null,
            "title": "End of life: aluminium-recycling",
            "unit": "kg",
            "year": null
          }
        ],
        "location": "NL",
        "notes": [
          "background sensitivity: the foreground is the baseline's; physical flows and duties are unchanged"
        ],
        "partial_categories": [
          "climate-change"
        ],
        "publication": {
          "policy": "public",
          "publishable": true,
          "restricted_by": []
        },
        "reasons": [
          "18 exchanges without a burden in some category",
          "factors ESTIMATE, PROXY",
          "climate categories only: a carbon footprint, not a multi-impact LCA",
          "geography mismatch"
        ],
        "record": "scenarios/asu-1/nl-grid.json",
        "record_id": "asu-1-500-t-d-gox/design/nl-grid",
        "relation": "unchanged",
        "source": "D-107: EEA ENER038 2024 (CC BY, EEA legal notice), packaged in core as eea-ener038-2024",
        "stale": false,
        "title": "Site in the Netherlands: grid average (EEA 2024, generation-based)",
        "totals": {
          "climate-change": 88.2947
        },
        "warnings": [
          "1 equipment items have no dimensions.weight: gaps of their construction entry, not counted as 0: E-3103",
          "consumable molecular-sieve is replaced or charged, but has no disposal: what goes in does not come out",
          "scenario nl-grid: 4 backgrounds represent another geography than the scenario's (NL): concrete-m3, desnz-ghg-2026:aluminium-cans-foil, desnz-ghg-2026:lorry-hgv-gb, desnz-ghg-2026:metals-construction",
          "emission sources the flowsheet does not carry, with neither an estimate nor a declared exclusion: V-3101 (a Tank: storage-tank), T-4101 (a Tank: storage-tank), T-4102 (a Tank: storage-tank)",
          "product GOXP (GOX to pipeline) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product GANP (GAN to battery limit) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product LOX (LOX to storage) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product LIN (LIN to storage) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product VENT (Vent to atmosphere) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product COND (Condensate (MAC cooler drains; DCAC condensate into its circulating water)) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "product CW (Cooling water return (heat rejected)) has no category: the TEA and LCA cannot tell a product from wastewater, off-gas, solid waste or an emission",
          "step C1101U (Cooling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step C1102 (Cooling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step K3101 (Compressing) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step E3105 (Cooling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step C3101 (Distilling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step HL3101 (ExchangingThermalEnergy) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory",
          "step C3102 (Distilling) exchanges heat or work but no energy stream connects it to a utility: its steam, cooling, refrigeration or power is in no inventory"
        ],
        "withheld_reason": null,
        "year": 2024
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      "lca/dataset.yaml",
      "lca/factors.yaml",
      "lca/gaps.csv",
      "lca/inventory.csv",
      "lca/lca.yaml",
      "lca/mappings.yaml",
      "lca/results.csv",
      "lca/results.md",
      "lca/uncertainty.csv"
    ],
    "technology": "cryogenic double-column air separation, 500 t/d GOX, pumped liquid products, TSA front end",
    "totals": {
      "baseline": {
        "climate-change": 66.7248
      },
      "de-grid": {
        "climate-change": 104.657
      },
      "nl-grid": {
        "climate-change": 88.2947
      }
    },
    "withheld_reason": null
  },
  "lci_gaps": [],
  "maintainers": [
    {
      "name": "Artur Schweidtmann"
    }
  ],
  "maturity": "screening",
  "preliminary": false,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0",
    "previews": {
      "sheets": [
        "P-01",
        "P-02",
        "P-03",
        "P-04",
        "BFD",
        "PFD"
      ],
      "source_commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0",
      "tool": "cheme 1.6.0 (pyDEXPI 2.1.0)"
    },
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "title": "U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976 (NOAA, NASA, USAF) and ISO 2533:1975 Standard atmosphere: dry-air composition of the design air (design-basis, D-099)"
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1063/1.1461829",
      "title": "Wagner, W., Pruss, A. (2002) The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31(2), 387-535 (humid design air and TSA water load, D-058)"
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1063/1.1285884",
      "title": "Lemmon, E.W., Jacobsen, R.T., Penoncello, S.G., Friend, D.G. (2000) Thermodynamic properties of air and mixtures of nitrogen, argon, and oxygen from 60 to 2000 K at pressures to 2000 MPa. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29(3), 331-385 (the Helmholtz mixture model the Ar/O2 kij is fitted to, D-066)"
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1021/ie4033999",
      "title": "Bell, I.H., Wronski, J., Quoilin, S., Lemort, V. (2014) Pure and pseudo-pure fluid thermophysical property evaluation and the open-source thermophysical property library CoolProp. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53(6), 2498-2508 (property evaluation for the Ar/O2 fit, D-066)"
    },
    {
      "title": "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69: saturated-liquid densities of oxygen and nitrogen for the backup pump sizing (D-042)",
      "url": "https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/"
    },
    {
      "title": "EIGA Doc 13, Oxygen pipeline and piping systems (oxygen service materials and cleaning, D-009); edition not recorded"
    },
    {
      "title": "EIGA Doc 33, Cleaning of equipment for oxygen service (D-009); edition not recorded"
    },
    {
      "title": "ASTM G93, Standard guide for cleanliness levels and cleaning methods for materials and equipment used in oxygen-enriched environments (D-009); edition not recorded"
    },
    {
      "title": "EIGA Doc 65, Safe operation of reboilers/condensers in air separation units (minimum LOX purge and hydrocarbon action limits, taken as ASSUMED values in D-010); edition not recorded"
    },
    {
      "title": "EIGA Doc 27, Centrifugal compressors for oxygen service (oxygen compressor siting practice, D-030); edition not recorded"
    },
    {
      "title": "EIGA Doc 127, Bulk liquid oxygen, nitrogen and argon storage systems at production sites (storage area practice, D-026); edition not recorded"
    },
    {
      "title": "API 617, Axial and centrifugal compressors and expander-compressors (110 % driver margin of the compressor motors); edition not recorded"
    },
    {
      "title": "Turton, R., Shaeiwitz, J.A., Bhattacharyya, D., Whiting, W.B. (2018) Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, 5th ed., Prentice Hall, Appendix A (equipment cost correlations, D-043)"
    },
    {
      "title": "Jenkins, S. (2024) 2023 CEPCI annual average value decreases from previous year. Chemical Engineering, 25 March 2024 (CEPCI 797.9, D-043)",
      "url": "https://www.chemengonline.com/"
    },
    {
      "title": "AACE International Recommended Practice 18R-97, Cost estimate classification system as applied in engineering, procurement, and construction for the process industries (class 5 accuracy, D-043)"
    },
    {
      "title": "UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (2026) UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting 2026, flat file v1.2, Open Government Licence v3.0 (LCA background, D-092)",
      "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-2026"
    },
    {
      "title": "European Environment Agency (2026) Greenhouse gas emission intensity of electricity generation in Europe, indicator ENER038, data 1990-2024 (regional grid scenarios, D-107)",
      "url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emission-intensity-of-1"
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1017/9781009157896",
      "title": "IPCC (2021) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (GWP100 of the direct emissions)"
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1016/j.egypro.2009.01.066",
      "title": "Pfaff, I., Kather, A. (2009) Comparative thermodynamic analysis and integration issues of CCS steam power plants based on oxy-combustion with cryogenic or membrane based air separation. Energy Procedia 1, 495-502 (typical O2 recovery, benchmark)"
    },
    {
      "title": "Air Liquide Engineering & Construction (2017) Standard Plants: fully-packaged modular solutions, brochure, p. 8 (Yango specific energy, benchmark; manufacturer literature)",
      "url": "https://engineering-technologies.airliquide.com/sites/engineering/files/2022-09/air-liquide-e-c-standard-plants-september-2017.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/asu-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [
    {
      "bytes": 31711,
      "id": "BFD",
      "kind": "bfd",
      "preview": "artifacts/asu-1/BFD.svg",
      "source": "process/BFD.xml",
      "status": "preview",
      "title": "Block flow diagram"
    },
    {
      "bytes": 178148,
      "id": "PFD",
      "kind": "pfd",
      "preview": "artifacts/asu-1/PFD.svg",
      "source": "process/PFD.xml",
      "status": "preview",
      "title": "Process flow diagram"
    },
    {
      "bytes": 131662,
      "id": "P-01",
      "kind": "pid",
      "preview": "artifacts/asu-1/P-01.svg",
      "source": "pid/P-01.xml",
      "status": "preview",
      "title": "Main air compressor and precooling"
    },
    {
      "bytes": 100026,
      "id": "P-02",
      "kind": "pid",
      "preview": "artifacts/asu-1/P-02.svg",
      "source": "pid/P-02.xml",
      "status": "preview",
      "title": "Front-end purification (TSA)"
    },
    {
      "bytes": 145291,
      "id": "P-03",
      "kind": "pid",
      "preview": "artifacts/asu-1/P-03.svg",
      "source": "pid/P-03.xml",
      "status": "preview",
      "title": "Cold box"
    },
    {
      "bytes": 256816,
      "id": "P-04",
      "kind": "pid",
      "preview": "artifacts/asu-1/P-04.svg",
      "source": "pid/P-04.xml",
      "status": "preview",
      "title": "Products, storage and backup supply"
    },
    {
      "id": "process-model",
      "kind": "process-model",
      "source": "process/flowsheet.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Flowsheet and stream table"
    },
    {
      "id": "simulation",
      "kind": "simulation",
      "source": "process/simulation.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Process simulation"
    },
    {
      "id": "layout-3d",
      "kind": "layout-3d",
      "source": "layout/plant-model.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "3D plant layout"
    },
    {
      "id": "equipment-list",
      "kind": "equipment-list",
      "source": "equipment/equipment-list.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Equipment list"
    },
    {
      "id": "estimate",
      "kind": "estimate",
      "source": "estimate/estimate.md",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Cost estimate"
    },
    {
      "id": "lca",
      "kind": "lca",
      "source": "lca/lca.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Life cycle assessment"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Double-column cryogenic air separation without argon column, producing 500 t/d gaseous oxygen at 30 barg and 10,000 Nm3/h pipeline nitrogen, with LOX/LIN backup storage.",
  "title": "Cryogenic air separation unit (500 t/d GOX)",
  "validation": {
    "notes": "The deliverables of basic engineering exist (P&IDs, lists, datasheets, layout, estimate, LCA, HAZOP draft) and the engineering gates of stage basic pass (ChemE-as-Code checks). The calculation evidence reaches balanced, which supports screening (cheme maturity, checks/maturity.json): the air feed is the owner's design specification (D-099), the balances close, and the whole plant but the evaporative cooler is simulated in DWSIM. Predictive is not reached: the evaporative cooler is not simulated, the TSA is a specified component split, the plant energy closure is unsupported (D-097), and the property regime fails in cheme 1.2.1 (feed and streams outside the property package's benchmarked claim, D-117). Design reviews are recorded in reviews/; no independent engineering review has been made.",
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": {
    "commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0",
    "dirty": false,
    "sheets": [
      "pid/P-01.xml",
      "pid/P-02.xml",
      "pid/P-03.xml",
      "pid/P-04.xml",
      "process/BFD.xml",
      "process/PFD.xml"
    ],
    "skipped": [
      "layout/plant-model.yaml"
    ],
    "snapshot": "snapshots/asu-1/",
    "stale": false,
    "tool": "cheme-as-code 1.6.0",
    "views": [
      "checks",
      "layout",
      "mto",
      "streams"
    ]
  }
}