{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "3 750 kg/h dry bromine = 30 kt/a Br2 (ASSUMED)",
    "location": "generic brine-field site on a Smackover-type brine (southern Arkansas basis), not chosen",
    "operating_hours_per_year": 8000
  },
  "benchmarks": [],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "chlorine",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "feed:CL2: vaporised liquid chlorine (e.g. chlor-alkali-1), 0.571 kg/kg Br2",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "sulfuric-acid",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "feed:H2SO4: sulfuric acid 98 wt-% for bromine drying",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "calcium-hydroxide",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "feed:LIME: hydrated lime for the tail brine neutralisation",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "water",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "Stands for the aqueous bromide brine (feed:BRINE, 243 kg brine per kg Br2, 4 300 mg/kg bromide, 31 wt-% NaCl/CaCl2), which has no registry entry yet",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "bromine",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:BR2",
        "note": "Dry bromine, 99.96 wt-% Br2, to storage",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "wastewater",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:TAILB",
        "note": "Neutralised tail brine, 249 kg/kg Br2, reinjected into the brine formation (not a surface discharge). Spent sulfuric acid 80 % (product:SPACID, 2.6 g/kg) goes to treatment",
        "role": "waste"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "steam",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:LPS",
        "note": "Live LP steam 350 kPa(a), 5.82 kg/kg Br2, injected into the steaming-out tower (condensate leaves with the tail brine); the C-104 reboiler takes 0.016 kWh/kg more (feed:LPH)",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:POWER",
        "note": "0.032 kWh/kg Br2: brine feed pump and small drives (ASSUMED)",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "cooling-water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:CW",
        "note": "0.18 kWh/kg Br2 removed, 25/35 degC (ASSUMED): bromine condenser, C-104 condenser, bromine cooler",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "Brine from the brine field enters the top of a packed steaming-out tower at about 195 degF;\nchlorine oxidises 95.5 % of its bromide to bromine and live LP steam strips the bromine\noverhead. The overhead is condensed and decanted: the bromine water returns to the tower, the\ncrude bromine goes to a stripping column that returns its chlorine to the tower, and the\nbromine is dried with 98 wt-% sulfuric acid. The chlorine beyond the bromide's demand is taken\nby the brine's hydrogen sulfide (the representative side reaction); the acid it forms is\nneutralised with lime before the tail brine is reinjected.\n\nAll values are concept estimates from an independent balance script, given to cheme as\nassumed values; the brine, its temperatures, the recovery, the chlorine use and the steam use\nare anchored on US 4 719 096 and the Arkansas Geological Survey. No ChemE-as-Code property\nmethod covers this Ca/Na chloride brine with bromine, so energy closure in core is\nnot evaluable. See DESIGN.md of the engineering files for every assumption and gated step.\n",
  "design_basis": {
    "assumptions": [
      "D-001 boundary: brine at the fence (wells and pipeline outside) to dry bromine to storage, neutralised tail brine to reinjection (injection outside); no bromine derivatives",
      "D-005 conversion model: 95.5 % of the bromide oxidised (reported tower performance), all H2S oxidised to sulfur as the side reaction that consumes the excess chlorine; no kinetics, no speciation",
      "D-006 the balance is the independent script scripts/balance.py; brine water activity 0.75 and cp 2.9 kJ/kg K ASSUMED (no electrolyte package for this brine)",
      "Construction, transport and end of life are outside the preliminary LCI (D-013)"
    ],
    "source": "process/design-basis.yaml"
  },
  "engineering": {
    "description": "Bromine from a Smackover-type bromide brine by chlorine oxidation and steaming-out, condensation, separation, chlorine stripping and sulfuric acid drying; tail brine neutralised with lime for reinjection. Concept stage, 30 kt/a Br2 (ASSUMED basis).",
    "name": "Bromine (from brine)",
    "requires": "cheme-as-code>=0.8",
    "stage": "concept",
    "stages": [
      {
        "id": "concept",
        "title": "Concept and feasibility"
      },
      {
        "id": "basic",
        "title": "Basic engineering"
      },
      {
        "id": "detail",
        "title": "Detail engineering"
      }
    ],
    "tool": "plantcode"
  },
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "mineral"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "chemicals"
    ],
    "region": "generic",
    "unit_operations": [
      "reaction",
      "stripping",
      "condensation",
      "distillation",
      "absorption"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "inorganic-chemicals"
  ],
  "gap_count": 3,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "bromine-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Abromine-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Abromine-1&process=bromine-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Abromine-1&process=bromine-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Abromine-1&process=bromine-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Abromine-1&process=bromine-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Abromine-1&process=bromine-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Abromine-1&process=bromine-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "bromine",
    "brine",
    "Smackover",
    "steaming-out",
    "Kubierschky",
    "chlorine oxidation",
    "bromide",
    "steam stripping",
    "sulfuric acid drying",
    "tail brine reinjection"
  ],
  "lca": {
    "allocation": null,
    "backend": "factors",
    "boundary": "gate-to-gate",
    "categories": [
      {
        "id": "climate-change",
        "method": "GWP100",
        "title": "Climate change",
        "unit": "kg CO2-eq"
      }
    ],
    "contributions": [],
    "data_sources": [],
    "factors_status": "none",
    "functional_unit": {
      "amount": 1,
      "chemical": "bromine",
      "grade": null,
      "label": "1 kg bromine",
      "product": "BR2",
      "product_name": "Bromine",
      "product_title": "Bromine, dry (99.96 wt-% Br2) to storage",
      "unit": "kg"
    },
    "goal": "Preliminary gate-to-gate life cycle inventory of bromine (99.96 wt-% Br2) recovered from a Smackover-type bromide brine by chlorine oxidation and steaming-out, for the concept stage: the foreground exchanges of the balanced flowsheet per kg of bromine, ready to be linked to background datasets (chlor-alkali-1's chlorine first). No impact assessment is claimed.",
    "inventory": [
      {
        "direction": "input",
        "key": "feed:BRINE",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 243.412,
        "title": "Raw bromide brine from the brine field (Smackover-type, 195 degF)",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "input",
        "key": "feed:CL2",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.570509,
        "title": "Chlorine, vaporised liquid chlorine (chlor-alkali-1 product, liquefied)",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "input",
        "key": "feed:LPS",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 5.81502,
        "title": "LP steam 350 kPa(a), live steam to the steaming-out tower",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "input",
        "key": "feed:LPH",
        "kind": "energy",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.0161867,
        "title": "LP steam 350 kPa(a) to the C-104 reboiler (condensate returned)",
        "unit": "kWh"
      },
      {
        "direction": "input",
        "key": "feed:H2SO4",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.00209067,
        "title": "Sulfuric acid 98 wt-% for bromine drying",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "input",
        "key": "feed:LIME",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.132293,
        "title": "Hydrated lime for tail brine neutralisation",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "input",
        "key": "feed:POWER",
        "kind": "energy",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.03216,
        "title": "Electric power (AC, grid)",
        "unit": "kWh"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "product:BR2",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 1.0,
        "title": "Bromine, dry (99.96 wt-% Br2) to storage",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "product:SPACID",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.00256,
        "title": "Spent sulfuric acid (80 wt-%) to neutralisation or regeneration",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "product:TAILB",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 248.929,
        "title": "Neutralised tail brine to reinjection into the brine formation",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "product:CW",
        "kind": "energy",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.179067,
        "title": "Cooling water return",
        "unit": "kWh"
      }
    ],
    "no_total": {
      "baseline": {
        "climate-change": {
          "gaps": 10,
          "reason": "every-contribution-a-gap"
        }
      }
    },
    "not_computed": [
      "climate-change"
    ],
    "pcf": [],
    "publishable": true,
    "result": {
      "classification": "partial",
      "gaps": 10,
      "label": "partial screening carbon footprint",
      "publication": "public"
    },
    "sources": [
      "lca/README.md",
      "lca/dataset.yaml",
      "lca/factors.yaml",
      "lca/gaps.csv",
      "lca/inventory.csv",
      "lca/lca.yaml",
      "lca/mappings.yaml",
      "lca/results.csv",
      "lca/results.md"
    ],
    "totals": {
      "baseline": {}
    },
    "withheld_reason": null
  },
  "lci_gaps": [
    {
      "dataset": "bromine-from-bromide-brine-by-chlorine-oxidation-and-steaming-out-3-750-kg-h-br2",
      "key": "feed:BRINE",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "bromine-from-bromide-brine-by-chlorine-oxidation-and-steaming-out-3-750-kg-h-br2",
      "key": "feed:LIME",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "bromine-from-bromide-brine-by-chlorine-oxidation-and-steaming-out-3-750-kg-h-br2",
      "key": "product:SPACID",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "output"
    }
  ],
  "maintainers": [
    {
      "name": "Artur Schweidtmann"
    }
  ],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": true,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0",
    "previews": {
      "sheets": [
        "BFD",
        "PFD"
      ],
      "source_commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0",
      "tool": "cheme 1.6.0 (pyDEXPI 2.1.0)"
    },
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "title": "US 4 719 096 (Ethyl Corp.): Continuous two-stage vacuum process for recovering bromine (Background and Detailed Description: brine constituents, conventional tower temperatures, chlorine and steam per lb Br2, recovery)",
      "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US4719096"
    },
    {
      "title": "US 4 725 425 (Ethyl Corp.): Continuous vacuum process for recovering bromine (feed brine 2 000-6 000 ppm NaBr, 180-210 degF)",
      "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US4725425"
    },
    {
      "title": "Arkansas Geological Survey: Bromine (Brine) (bromide 4 000-4 600 ppm, 1.5-1.8 lb Br per barrel)",
      "url": "https://www.geology.arkansas.gov/minerals/industrial/bromine-brine.html"
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1002/14356007.a04_391.pub2",
      "title": "Bromine. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH (route identity from issue #136; full text not read)"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/bromine-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [
    {
      "bytes": 32821,
      "id": "BFD",
      "kind": "bfd",
      "preview": "artifacts/bromine-1/BFD.svg",
      "source": "process/BFD.xml",
      "status": "preview",
      "title": "Block flow diagram"
    },
    {
      "bytes": 110104,
      "id": "PFD",
      "kind": "pfd",
      "preview": "artifacts/bromine-1/PFD.svg",
      "source": "process/PFD.xml",
      "status": "preview",
      "title": "Process flow diagram"
    },
    {
      "id": "process-model",
      "kind": "process-model",
      "source": "process/flowsheet.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Flowsheet and stream table"
    },
    {
      "id": "simulation",
      "kind": "simulation",
      "source": "process/simulation.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Process simulation"
    },
    {
      "id": "equipment-list",
      "kind": "equipment-list",
      "source": "equipment/equipment-list.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Equipment list"
    },
    {
      "id": "lca",
      "kind": "lca",
      "source": "lca/lca.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Life cycle assessment"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "A hot Smackover-type brine (4 300 mg/kg bromide) is chlorinated and steam-stripped in a steaming-out tower; the bromine is condensed, separated from bromine water, freed of chlorine and dried with sulfuric acid; the tail brine is neutralised with lime and reinjected. Chlorine from chlor-alkali-1. Concept stage, 30 kt/a Br2, assumed basis.",
  "title": "Bromine from bromide brine by chlorine oxidation and steaming-out (Smackover-type brine)",
  "validation": {
    "notes": "Concept PFD with closed mass, component and element balances on every block and step (cheme validate, cheme process streams, reaction extents). The stream values come from the independent script scripts/balance.py and are given to cheme as assumed values. Checks against the sources: chlorine 0.571 kg/kg Br2 (US 4 719 096: 0.55-0.60), tail brine bromide 189 mg/kg (50-200 ppm), recovery 1.73 lb Br2 per barrel (AGS: 1.5-1.8); the live steam from the script's tower energy balance, 5.82 kg/kg Br2, is 2 % above the 5.2-5.7 lb/lb that US 4 719 096 reports for conventional towers. cheme maturity: calculation maturity none (every stream value assumed from scripts/balance.py, reactors and separators specified); the concept claim, the lowest level the manifest offers, exceeds this evidence (cheme.maturity-claim-exceeds). Energy closure is not evaluable in core (no property package for the brine). The preliminary gate-to-gate LCI closes in mass and elements; every background is a gap. Not reviewed. Main products and feeds are listed under chemistry with their chemicals registry entries (issue #251).",
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": {
    "commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0",
    "dirty": false,
    "sheets": [
      "process/BFD.xml",
      "process/PFD.xml"
    ],
    "skipped": [],
    "snapshot": "snapshots/bromine-1/",
    "stale": false,
    "tool": "cheme-as-code 1.6.0",
    "views": [
      "checks",
      "streams"
    ]
  }
}