{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "per tonne of 1,3-butadiene (the dataset's basis); no plant size"
  },
  "benchmarks": [
    {
      "dataset": "butadiene-c4-extractive-distillation",
      "expression": "feed:electricity / product:butadiene",
      "family": "olefins",
      "kpi": "bd-specific-electricity",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "Western Europe",
          "technology": "butadiene separated from steam-cracker C4",
          "year": 2000
        },
        "id": "neelis-2007-bd-electricity",
        "note": "One value, 0.90 GJ of electricity per t (converted at 3.6 MJ/kWh), recorded as a zero-width range and not widened. The authors rate the process's energy data at 10 to 30 % uncertainty (indicator 2, section 5.1).",
        "range": [
          250,
          250
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Neelis, M., Patel, M., Blok, K., Haije, W., Bach, P. (2007) Approximation of theoretical energy-saving potentials for the petrochemical industry using energy balances for 68 key processes. Energy 32:1104-1123, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2006.08.005 (publisher's version, deposited by ECN as ECN-W--08-030)",
          "kind": "peer-reviewed",
          "locator": "Table A1 (continued), butadiene column, p. 1119",
          "url": "https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34633305/wg60b8/w08030.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Electricity per t of butadiene by C4 extraction",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "butadiene-c4-extractive-distillation",
      "expression": "feed:steam / product:butadiene",
      "family": "olefins",
      "kpi": "bd-specific-steam",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "Western Europe",
          "technology": "butadiene separated from steam-cracker C4",
          "year": 2000
        },
        "id": "neelis-2007-bd-steam",
        "note": "One value, 6.43 GJ of steam heat duty per t (final energy, converted at 3.6 MJ/kWh), recorded as a zero-width range and not widened. Uncertainty 10 to 30 % as above. Fuel use is given as zero.",
        "range": [
          1786.1,
          1786.1
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Neelis, M., Patel, M., Blok, K., Haije, W., Bach, P. (2007) Approximation of theoretical energy-saving potentials for the petrochemical industry using energy balances for 68 key processes. Energy 32:1104-1123, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2006.08.005 (publisher's version, deposited by ECN as ECN-W--08-030)",
          "kind": "peer-reviewed",
          "locator": "Table A1 (continued), butadiene column, p. 1119",
          "url": "https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34633305/wg60b8/w08030.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Steam (heat delivered) per t of butadiene by C4 extraction",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    }
  ],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "crude-c4",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:crude-c4",
        "note": "naphtha-cracker C4 cut, 39.3 wt% butadiene (typical cut, ASSUMED); not linked to ethylene-1, whose ethane-cracker cut is another grade (lca/mappings.yaml)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "butadiene",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:butadiene",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "c4-raffinate",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:c4-raffinate",
        "note": "raffinate-1: butenes, with the isobutene, and butanes",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "c4-acetylenes-purge",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:c4-purge",
        "note": "C3 and C4 acetylenes with the unrecovered butadiene, to fuel use (ASSUMED fate)",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "butadiene",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "emission:C4H6",
        "note": "process vents and wastewater, US facility means of 1984",
        "role": "emission"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:electricity",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "steam",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:steam",
        "note": "counted as heat delivered (final energy); pressure not stated by the source",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "",
  "design_basis": null,
  "engineering": null,
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "fossil"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "chemicals"
    ],
    "region": "EU",
    "unit_operations": [
      "distillation",
      "extraction"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "olefins"
  ],
  "gap_count": 1,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "butadiene-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Abutadiene-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Abutadiene-1&process=butadiene-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Abutadiene-1&process=butadiene-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Abutadiene-1&process=butadiene-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Abutadiene-1&process=butadiene-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Abutadiene-1&process=butadiene-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Abutadiene-1&process=butadiene-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "butadiene",
    "1,3-butadiene",
    "crude C4",
    "C4 extraction",
    "extractive distillation",
    "NMP",
    "raffinate-1",
    "steam cracking"
  ],
  "lca": null,
  "lci_gaps": [
    {
      "dataset": "butadiene-c4-extractive-distillation",
      "key": "feed:crude-c4",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    }
  ],
  "maintainers": [],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": true,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174",
    "previews": null,
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "title": "Saygin, D., Patel, M.K., Tam, C., Gielen, D.J. (2009) Chemical and Petrochemical Sector: Potential of best practice technology and other measures for improving energy efficiency. IEA Information Paper, OECD/IEA, Paris (Tables 1 and 13)",
      "url": "https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/c2d071e4-4142-44f1-8a41-88ece29be439/ChemicalandPetrochemicalSector.pdf"
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1016/j.energy.2006.08.005",
      "title": "Neelis, M., Patel, M., Blok, K., Haije, W., Bach, P. (2007) Approximation of theoretical energy-saving potentials for the petrochemical industry using energy balances for 68 key processes. Energy 32:1104-1123 (Table A1)"
    },
    {
      "title": "US EPA (1996) Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of 1,3-Butadiene, EPA-454/R-96-008 (section 4.1, Tables 4-3 and 4-5)",
      "url": "https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/sites/static/files/2020-09/documents/butadien.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "BASF SE, Butadiene extraction technology (manufacturer web page; yield and purity)",
      "url": "https://www.basf.com/cn/en/products/chemicals/Intermediates/solutions/butadiene-extraction"
    },
    {
      "title": "US DOE Office of Industrial Technologies (2000) Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Chemical Industry, prepared by Energetics (route share, p. 34)",
      "url": "https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/profile_full.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "US EPA (2025) Environmental Release and Occupational Exposure Assessment for 1,3-Butadiene, EPA-740-R-25-058 (section 3.1, process description)",
      "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-12/03-1-3-butadiene-env-rel-and-occ-exp-assess-qc-complete-hero-dec-2025_0.pdf"
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.2760/77304",
      "title": "Falcke, H. et al. (2017) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Large Volume Organic Chemicals. JRC Science for Policy Report EUR 28882 EN (JRC109279), section 3.2.2.4 and Table 3.3"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/butadiene-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [],
  "summary": "Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of 1,3-butadiene, with raffinate-1 and an acetylenes purge to fuel as co-products: a typical naphtha-cracker C4 cut, the licensor's recovery bound and IEA Western European energy averages. No flowsheet; not reviewed.",
  "title": "1,3-Butadiene by extractive distillation of a steam-cracker crude C4 cut",
  "validation": {
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": null
}