{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "per tonne of clinker (the dataset's basis); no plant size"
  },
  "benchmarks": [
    {
      "dataset": "cement-clinker-dry-kiln-precalciner",
      "expression": "feed:electricity / product:clinker",
      "family": "cement-lime",
      "kpi": "clinker-electricity",
      "no_open_reference": "No independent open range per t of clinker found (2026-11-05). Read: CLM BREF section 1.3.3.2 (90 to 150 kWh per t of cement only, which needs a split and a clinker factor to compare); CSI/ECRA 2017, Paper No. 2 (shares of the plant's electricity) and Annex II (70 kWh/t clinker, the dataset's own source, so not a check).",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Electricity of raw meal preparation and the kiln line per t of clinker",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "cement-clinker-dry-kiln-precalciner",
      "expression": "feed:petroleum-coke / product:clinker",
      "family": "cement-lime",
      "kpi": "clinker-fuel-energy",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to MJ/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "technology": "dry kiln, five cyclone stages, preheater and precalciner, state of the art, yearly average"
        },
        "id": "csi-ecra-2017-five-stage",
        "note": "Yearly average of a state-of-the-art kiln with five cyclone stages; the source gives 3200 to 3600 for four and 3000 to 3400 for six stages, and a GNR-2014 world average of 3510.",
        "range": [
          3100,
          3500
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "CSI and ECRA (2017) Development of State of the Art Techniques in Cement Manufacturing: Trying to Look Ahead, revision 2017. WBCSD Cement Sustainability Initiative and European Cement Research Academy, Duesseldorf and Geneva",
          "kind": "other",
          "locator": "State-of-the-art Paper No. 1, p. 10",
          "url": "https://archive.wbcsd.org/contentwbc/download/3604/47080/1"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Kiln fuel energy (net calorific value) per t of clinker",
      "unit": "MJ/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "cement-clinker-dry-kiln-precalciner",
      "expression": "(emission:CO2 + emission:CO2-fuel) / product:clinker",
      "family": "cement-lime",
      "kpi": "clinker-gross-co2",
      "problem": "1 to kg/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "EU",
          "technology": "grey clinker"
        },
        "id": "bref-clm-co2",
        "note": "The source relates the range to about 3500 to 5000 MJ/t of fuel and says it depends on the fuel type. It shares the BREF with the dataset's fuel energy.",
        "range": [
          900,
          1000
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Schorcht, F. et al. (2013) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide. JRC Reference Report EUR 26129 EN, doi:10.2788/12850",
          "kind": "bref",
          "locator": "Section 1.3.4.4.1, p. 69",
          "url": "https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/CLM_Published_def_0.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Direct fossil CO2 (calcination and kiln fuel) per t of clinker",
      "unit": "kg/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "cement-clinker-dry-kiln-precalciner",
      "expression": "emission:CO2 / product:clinker",
      "family": "cement-lime",
      "kpi": "clinker-process-co2",
      "problem": "1 to kg/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "technology": "world average, 70 % dry kilns with preheater and precalciner",
          "year": 2014
        },
        "id": "csi-ecra-2017-reference-plant-process-co2",
        "note": "One value, the process CO2 of the GNR-2014 world-average reference plant, recorded as a zero-width range and not widened.",
        "range": [
          536,
          536
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "CSI and ECRA (2017) Development of State of the Art Techniques in Cement Manufacturing: Trying to Look Ahead, revision 2017. WBCSD Cement Sustainability Initiative and European Cement Research Academy, Duesseldorf and Geneva",
          "kind": "other",
          "locator": "Annex II, p. 168",
          "url": "https://archive.wbcsd.org/contentwbc/download/3604/47080/1"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Calcination CO2 per t of clinker",
      "unit": "kg/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "cement-clinker-dry-kiln-precalciner",
      "expression": "(feed:limestone + feed:clay) / product:clinker",
      "family": "cement-lime",
      "kpi": "clinker-raw-meal",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "technology": "world-average reference plant",
          "year": 2014
        },
        "id": "csi-ecra-2017-raw-meal",
        "note": "One value of the reference plant (raw meal/clinker factor), zero-width and not widened.",
        "range": [
          1.55,
          1.55
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "CSI and ECRA (2017) Development of State of the Art Techniques in Cement Manufacturing: Trying to Look Ahead, revision 2017. WBCSD Cement Sustainability Initiative and European Cement Research Academy, Duesseldorf and Geneva",
          "kind": "other",
          "locator": "Annex II, p. 168",
          "url": "https://archive.wbcsd.org/contentwbc/download/3604/47080/1"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Raw meal (dry) per t of clinker",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    }
  ],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "limestone",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:limestone",
        "note": "counted as its CaCO3 only (model)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "clay",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:clay",
        "note": "clay, shale and correctives, counted as their oxides only (model)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "petroleum-coke",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:petroleum-coke",
        "note": "kiln fuel in kWh by net calorific value (so the fuel energy KPI can be checked; 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ / ncv_pc kg); 100 % petroleum coke ASSUMED",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "cement-clinker",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:clinker",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "carbon-dioxide",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "emission:CO2",
        "note": "calcination CO2 in the kiln gas, about 0.52 t/t; with the fuel CO2 (emission:CO2-fuel) the stream a carbon capture unit would treat",
        "role": "emission"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:electricity",
        "note": "raw meal and fuel grinding and the kiln line; CSI/ECRA reference plant",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "",
  "design_basis": null,
  "engineering": null,
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "mineral",
      "fossil"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "materials"
    ],
    "region": "EU",
    "unit_operations": [
      "comminution",
      "calcination",
      "combustion",
      "heat-exchange"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "cement-lime"
  ],
  "gap_count": 2,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "cement-clinker-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Acement-clinker-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Acement-clinker-1&process=cement-clinker-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Acement-clinker-1&process=cement-clinker-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Acement-clinker-1&process=cement-clinker-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Acement-clinker-1&process=cement-clinker-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Acement-clinker-1&process=cement-clinker-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Acement-clinker-1&process=cement-clinker-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "cement",
    "clinker",
    "rotary kiln",
    "precalciner",
    "cyclone preheater",
    "calcination",
    "limestone",
    "process CO2",
    "petroleum coke"
  ],
  "lca": null,
  "lci_gaps": [
    {
      "dataset": "cement-clinker-dry-kiln-precalciner",
      "key": "feed:clay",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "cement-clinker-dry-kiln-precalciner",
      "key": "feed:petroleum-coke",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    }
  ],
  "maintainers": [],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": true,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174",
    "previews": null,
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "doi": "10.2788/12850",
      "title": "Schorcht, F., Kourti, I., Scalet, B. M., Roudier, S., Delgado Sancho, L. (2013) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide. JRC Reference Report EUR 26129 EN (JRC83006), chapter 1 and BAT conclusions section 4.2"
    },
    {
      "title": "IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 3 Industrial Processes and Product Use, ch. 2 Mineral Industry Emissions, section 2.2 (cement)",
      "url": "https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_2_Ch2_Mineral_Industry.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 2 Energy, ch. 1 Introduction (Tables 1.2 and 1.4) and ch. 2 Stationary Combustion (Table 2.3)",
      "url": "https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol2.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "CSI and ECRA (2017) Development of State of the Art Techniques in Cement Manufacturing: Trying to Look Ahead (CSI/ECRA Technology Papers 2017), WBCSD Cement Sustainability Initiative and European Cement Research Academy, Annex II reference plant",
      "url": "https://archive.wbcsd.org/contentwbc/download/3604/47080/1"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/cement-clinker-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [],
  "summary": "Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of grey clinker: raw meal and calcination CO2 from IPCC default clinker chemistry, fuel and stack emissions from the EU CLM BREF, petroleum coke as the fuel (ASSUMED). No flowsheet; not reviewed.",
  "title": "Portland cement clinker in a dry rotary kiln with cyclone preheater and precalciner",
  "validation": {
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": null
}