{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "per tonne of FT liquid fuel (the dataset's basis); the source plant: 100 MW (LHV) of H2, 5.5 t/h fuel"
  },
  "benchmarks": [
    {
      "dataset": "fischer-tropsch-fuel-rwgs-co2-h2",
      "expression": "product:fischer-tropsch-fuel * 0.84614 / (feed:CO2 * 0.272921)",
      "family": "synthetic-fuels",
      "kpi": "ft-carbon-conversion",
      "problem": "1 to kg/kg needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "US",
          "technology": "RWGS 600 degC, kinetic, 36 % CO2 conversion per pass, glycol CO2 recycle (81 % recovery)",
          "year": 2020
        },
        "id": "zang-2021-ft-carbon",
        "note": "Carbon in liquid fuels over carbon in the CO2 fed. The dataset's value uses its ASSUMED model fuel (C12H26, 0.8461 kg C/kg) in the expression; König et al. 2015 state 73.7 % for the same flows.",
        "range": [
          0.455,
          0.455
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Zang, G., Sun, P., Elgowainy, A., Bafana, A., Wang, M. (2021) Life Cycle Analysis of Electrofuels: Fischer-Tropsch Fuel Production from Hydrogen and Corn Ethanol Byproduct CO2. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55:3888-3897, doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05893",
          "kind": "peer-reviewed",
          "locator": "Results, integrated system, p. F, and Discussion, p. H (45 % in the abstract)",
          "url": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1807679"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Share of the CO2 carbon fed that ends in the liquid fuel",
      "unit": "kg/kg",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "fischer-tropsch-fuel-rwgs-co2-h2",
      "expression": "product:fischer-tropsch-fuel * 43.92 / (feed:H2 * 119.95)",
      "family": "synthetic-fuels",
      "kpi": "ft-fuel-per-h2-energy",
      "problem": "1 to MJ/MJ needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "US",
          "technology": "RWGS-FT with H2 recycle, residues to a Rankine cycle",
          "year": 2020
        },
        "id": "zang-2021-ft-h2-energy",
        "note": "Our ratio of the source's Table 2 (with H2 recycle): 647 GJ/h of naphtha, jet fuel and diesel over 1112 GJ/h of H2, both LHV. The source's own 'FT fuel production efficiency', 57.5 %, also counts the 13 GJ/h of grid power. The dataset's expression uses the fuel LHV of König et al. (67.1 MW over 5.5 t/h, 43.92 MJ/kg) and the registry's H2 LHV (119.95 MJ/kg).",
        "range": [
          0.582,
          0.582
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Zang, G., Sun, P., Elgowainy, A., Bafana, A., Wang, M. (2021) Life Cycle Analysis of Electrofuels: Fischer-Tropsch Fuel Production from Hydrogen and Corn Ethanol Byproduct CO2. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55:3888-3897, doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05893",
          "kind": "peer-reviewed",
          "locator": "Table 2, p. D",
          "url": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1807679"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Liquid fuel LHV per LHV of the hydrogen fed",
      "unit": "MJ/MJ",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "fischer-tropsch-fuel-rwgs-co2-h2",
      "expression": "feed:CO2 / product:fischer-tropsch-fuel",
      "family": "synthetic-fuels",
      "kpi": "ft-specific-co2",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "capacity": "350 t/d fuel",
          "product": "naphtha, jet and diesel blend, LHV 44.3 MJ/kg",
          "region": "US",
          "technology": "RWGS 600 degC and 24.5 bar, cobalt fixed-bed FT 220 degC, wax hydroprocessing, H2 recycle by PSA",
          "year": 2020
        },
        "id": "zang-2021-ft-co2",
        "note": "Our derivation from the source's per-GJ figures: 153.8 kg CO2 into 22.6 kg (1 GJ) of FT fuel, 6.805 t/t, rounded. The figures are for the integrated corn-ethanol case, whose FT plant is the stand-alone one with H2 recycle; the stand-alone capacity statement (2390 t/d CO2 for 350 t/d fuel, Methodology p. B) gives 6.83 t/t.",
        "range": [
          6.81,
          6.81
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Zang, G., Sun, P., Elgowainy, A., Bafana, A., Wang, M. (2021) Life Cycle Analysis of Electrofuels: Fischer-Tropsch Fuel Production from Hydrogen and Corn Ethanol Byproduct CO2. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55:3888-3897, doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05893",
          "kind": "peer-reviewed",
          "locator": "Results, integrated system, pp. E-F (Figure 3 text)",
          "url": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1807679"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "CO2 fed per t of Fischer-Tropsch liquid fuel",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "fischer-tropsch-fuel-rwgs-co2-h2",
      "expression": "feed:electricity / product:fischer-tropsch-fuel",
      "family": "synthetic-fuels",
      "kpi": "ft-specific-electricity",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "US",
          "technology": "RWGS-FT with H2 recycle; H2 at 20 bar and CO2 at 1 bar to the plant",
          "year": 2020
        },
        "id": "zang-2021-ft-power",
        "note": "Our derivation: 72 GJ/h of compressor and pump power (gross; 13 GJ/h of it bought from the grid, the rest made from the residues) over 647 GJ/h / 44.3 MJ/kg = 14.6 t/h of fuel. It includes H2 compression from 20 bar, which the dataset's source does not need (H2 delivered at plant pressure).",
        "range": [
          1369,
          1369
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Zang, G., Sun, P., Elgowainy, A., Bafana, A., Wang, M. (2021) Life Cycle Analysis of Electrofuels: Fischer-Tropsch Fuel Production from Hydrogen and Corn Ethanol Byproduct CO2. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55:3888-3897, doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05893",
          "kind": "peer-reviewed",
          "locator": "Results, stand-alone system, p. D, and Methodology, p. B (feed pressures)",
          "url": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1807679"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Electricity used by the synthesis plant per t of FT liquid fuel (electrolysis excluded)",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    }
  ],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "hydrogen",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "feed:H2: 3.01 t/h per 5.5 t/h fuel at 2.5 MPa; electrolytic hydrogen, supplier not chosen (lca/mappings.yaml)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "carbon-dioxide",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "feed:CO2: 22.9 t/h per 5.5 t/h fuel at 0.1 MPa; captured CO2, taken as from a fossil point source (ASSUMED), supplier not chosen",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "fischer-tropsch-fuel",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:fischer-tropsch-fuel",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "wastewater",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "output:wastewater",
        "note": "reaction water, closes the source's mass balance",
        "role": "waste"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:electricity",
        "note": "plant utilities only; the electrolyser's power is in the hydrogen",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "",
  "design_basis": null,
  "engineering": null,
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "fossil",
      "electricity"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "fuels"
    ],
    "region": "generic",
    "unit_operations": [
      "compression",
      "reaction",
      "hydrocracking",
      "distillation"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "synthetic-fuels"
  ],
  "gap_count": 2,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "e-fuels-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Ae-fuels-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Ae-fuels-1&process=e-fuels-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Ae-fuels-1&process=e-fuels-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Ae-fuels-1&process=e-fuels-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Ae-fuels-1&process=e-fuels-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Ae-fuels-1&process=e-fuels-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Ae-fuels-1&process=e-fuels-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "e-fuels",
    "power-to-liquid",
    "Fischer-Tropsch",
    "reverse water-gas shift",
    "RWGS",
    "synthetic kerosene",
    "CO2 utilisation",
    "hydrogen"
  ],
  "lca": null,
  "lci_gaps": [
    {
      "dataset": "fischer-tropsch-fuel-rwgs-co2-h2",
      "key": "feed:H2",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "fischer-tropsch-fuel-rwgs-co2-h2",
      "key": "feed:CO2",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    }
  ],
  "maintainers": [],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": true,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174",
    "previews": null,
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "doi": "10.1016/j.energy.2015.08.099",
      "title": "König, D.H., Baucks, N., Dietrich, R.-U., Wörner, A. (2015) Simulation and evaluation of a process concept for the generation of synthetic fuel from CO2 and H2. Energy 91:833-841 (accepted manuscript in DLR elib, https://elib.dlr.de/98357/)"
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.0c05893",
      "title": "Zang, G., Sun, P., Elgowainy, A., Bafana, A., Wang, M. (2021) Life cycle analysis of electrofuels: Fischer-Tropsch fuel production from hydrogen and corn ethanol byproduct CO2. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55:3888-3897 (DOE public-access copy, OSTI 1807679); benchmarks only"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/e-fuels-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [],
  "summary": "Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of blended FT liquid fuel from H2 and captured CO2: feeds, product and utility power from one open process simulation (König et al. 2015), burner flue gas and water from the element balance. Electrolysis and capture are outside. No flowsheet; not reviewed.",
  "title": "Fischer-Tropsch e-fuel from CO2 and hydrogen by reverse water-gas shift and cobalt FT synthesis",
  "validation": {
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": null
}