{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "100 000 Nm3/h hydrogen 99.9 mol% (ASSUMED)",
    "location": "generic (not chosen)",
    "operating_hours_per_year": 8400
  },
  "benchmarks": [],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "methane",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:NG",
        "note": "natural gas feedstock, 93 mol% CH4 (ASSUMED); also 3.5 % ethane, 0.7 % propane, 1.3 % CO2, 1.5 % N2",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "methane",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:NGF",
        "note": "trim natural gas burned in the reformer furnace (same gas); the registry has no natural-gas entry yet (D-014)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "air",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:AIR",
        "note": "combustion air, 10 % excess (ASSUMED)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:DMW",
        "note": "demineralised boiler feed make-up; part becomes process steam (reactant), part export steam",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "hydrogen",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:H2",
        "note": "99.9 mol% H2 at 2850 kPa(a) (ASSUMED)",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "steam",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:STEAMX",
        "note": "export steam 4300 kPa(a), 673 K",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "carbon-dioxide",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:FLUE",
        "note": "all CO2 of feedstock and fuel, through the stack",
        "role": "emission"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:BD",
        "note": "boiler blowdown",
        "role": "waste"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:POWER",
        "note": "fans, BFW pump, recycle compressor (ASSUMED electric drives)",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "cooling-water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:CW",
        "note": "25/35 C (ASSUMED), trim cooler E-202",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "An independent concept design (issue ChemE-as-Code/process-library#117). The reformer outlet\nand the high-temperature shift outlet are modelled as ideal-gas chemical equilibrium\n(steam methane reforming and water-gas shift; ethane and propane reformed completely) at\nassumed temperatures and approaches: a model basis, not kinetics. The PSA is a specified\nsplit (hydrogen recovery 0.88). The furnace burns the PSA tail gas and the trim natural gas\ncompletely; the trim fuel closes the radiant section's energy balance, and the convection\nsection and the process gas waste heat boiler raise 4.3 MPa steam for the process and for\nexport. All CO2 leaves through the stack; the inventory keeps the feedstock carbon and the\ntrim-fuel carbon apart.\n\nAll values are concept estimates. Flashes, enthalpies and duties come from an independent\nbalance script (ideal-gas enthalpies plus IAPWS-IF97 water and steam) that core cannot yet\nqualify for these mixtures; the reactor outlets and the reactor and furnace\nduties are recalculated by cheme and agree. See DESIGN.md of the engineering files.\n",
  "design_basis": {
    "assumptions": [
      "ASSUMED steam-to-carbon ratio 3.0 (kmol H2O per kmol hydrocarbon carbon) (D-007).",
      "ASSUMED reformer: inlet 893 K / 3500 kPa(a), outlet 1143 K / 3200 kPa(a), ideal-gas equilibrium of SMR and WGS with K 10 K colder than the outlet; ethane and propane reformed to equilibrium (complete) (D-003, D-007).",
      "ASSUMED no pre-reformer (lean gas, D-007) and no low-temperature shift (PSA purification, D-001).",
      "ASSUMED adiabatic HT shift, inlet 623 K, ideal-gas WGS equilibrium with K 10 K hotter than the outlet (D-007).",
      "ASSUMED PSA: H2 recovery 0.88, product 99.9 mol% H2 (remainder N2), tail gas 130 kPa(a); a specified split, not a cycle model (D-008).",
      "ASSUMED furnace: PSA tail gas plus trim natural gas, 10 % excess air, no air preheat, bridgewall 1273 K, stack 423 K, casing losses not counted (D-009).",
      "ASSUMED recycle of 0.03 kmol product hydrogen per kmol natural gas feedstock to the hydrogenator (D-005).",
      "ASSUMED machine efficiencies: compressor 0.75, fans and pump 0.70 (D-012).",
      "All flows, temperatures and duties are concept estimates from an ideal-gas enthalpy model plus IAPWS water/steam (D-006); accuracy not stated."
    ],
    "source": "process/design-basis.yaml"
  },
  "engineering": {
    "description": "Hydrogen by natural-gas steam methane reforming with HT shift, PSA purification, PSA tail gas as reformer fuel and steam export, 100 000 Nm3/h (issue ChemE-as-Code/process-library#117)",
    "name": "Hydrogen by steam methane reforming",
    "requires": "cheme-as-code>=0.8",
    "stage": "concept",
    "stages": [
      {
        "id": "concept",
        "title": "Concept and feasibility"
      },
      {
        "id": "basic",
        "title": "Basic engineering"
      },
      {
        "id": "detail",
        "title": "Detail engineering"
      }
    ],
    "tool": "plantcode"
  },
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "fossil",
      "water"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "industrial-gases",
      "fuels"
    ],
    "region": "generic",
    "unit_operations": [
      "reaction",
      "adsorption",
      "heat-exchange",
      "flash",
      "compression"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "hydrogen"
  ],
  "gap_count": 0,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "hydrogen-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Ahydrogen-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Ahydrogen-1&process=hydrogen-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Ahydrogen-1&process=hydrogen-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Ahydrogen-1&process=hydrogen-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Ahydrogen-1&process=hydrogen-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Ahydrogen-1&process=hydrogen-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Ahydrogen-1&process=hydrogen-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "hydrogen",
    "steam methane reforming",
    "SMR",
    "natural gas",
    "water-gas shift",
    "high-temperature shift",
    "pressure swing adsorption",
    "PSA",
    "tail gas",
    "steam export",
    "synthesis gas"
  ],
  "lca": {
    "allocation": "exergy",
    "backend": "factors",
    "boundary": "gate-to-gate",
    "categories": [
      {
        "id": "climate-change",
        "method": "GWP100",
        "title": "Climate change",
        "unit": "kg CO2-eq"
      }
    ],
    "contributions": [
      {
        "basis": "ipcc2021-gwp100 (124-38-9, air, fossil)",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 9.13324,
        "key": "emission:CO2",
        "phase": "operation",
        "share": 0.9995,
        "status": "PUBLISHED"
      },
      {
        "basis": "ipcc2021-gwp100 (74-82-8, air, fossil)",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.00233442,
        "key": "emission:CH4",
        "phase": "operation",
        "share": 0.0003,
        "status": "PUBLISHED"
      },
      {
        "basis": "ipcc2021-gwp100 (10024-97-2, air, fossil)",
        "category": "climate-change",
        "impact": 0.00213661,
        "key": "emission:N2O",
        "phase": "operation",
        "share": 0.0002,
        "status": "PUBLISHED"
      }
    ],
    "data_sources": [],
    "factors_status": "published",
    "functional_unit": {
      "amount": 1,
      "chemical": "hydrogen",
      "grade": null,
      "label": "1 kg hydrogen",
      "product": "H2",
      "product_name": "Hydrogen",
      "product_title": "Hydrogen product 99.9 mol% to battery limit",
      "unit": "kg"
    },
    "goal": "Preliminary gate-to-gate life cycle inventory of hydrogen (99.9 mol%, 2.85 MPa) from natural-gas steam methane reforming with PSA and steam export, at concept stage: the foreground exchanges per kg of hydrogen, with the feedstock and fuel carbon kept apart, ready to be linked to background datasets in the next stage (DESIGN.md D-013). Flows are concept estimates; backgrounds are unmapped gaps.",
    "inventory": [
      {
        "direction": "input",
        "key": "feed:NG",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 2.90894,
        "title": "Natural gas feedstock",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "input",
        "key": "feed:NGF",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.557828,
        "title": "Natural gas trim fuel",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "input",
        "key": "feed:AIR",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 27.9335,
        "title": "Combustion air",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "input",
        "key": "feed:DMW",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 14.1528,
        "title": "Demineralised make-up water",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "input",
        "key": "feed:POWER",
        "kind": "energy",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.147451,
        "title": "Electric power",
        "unit": "kWh"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "product:H2",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "calculated",
        "quantity": 1.0,
        "title": "Hydrogen product 99.9 mol% to battery limit",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "product:STEAMX",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "calculated",
        "quantity": 10.5852,
        "title": "Export steam 4300 kPa(a) 673 K",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "product:FLUE",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "calculated",
        "quantity": 34.8978,
        "title": "Reformer flue gas to stack",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "product:BD",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.190222,
        "title": "Boiler blowdown",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "product:DAV",
        "kind": "material",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.0252671,
        "title": "Deaerator vent: gases dissolved in the process condensate",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "product:CW",
        "kind": "energy",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "calculated",
        "quantity": 3.08196,
        "title": "Cooling water return",
        "unit": "kWh"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "emission:AR",
        "kind": "emission",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "calculated",
        "quantity": 0.358359,
        "title": "AR to the environment",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "emission:C2H6",
        "kind": "emission",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.0,
        "title": "C2H6 to the environment",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "emission:C3H8",
        "kind": "emission",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.0,
        "title": "C3H8 to the environment",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "emission:CH4",
        "kind": "emission",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 7.83363e-05,
        "title": "CH4 to the environment",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "emission:CO",
        "kind": "emission",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 0.00227117,
        "title": "CO to the environment",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "emission:CO2",
        "kind": "emission",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 9.13324,
        "title": "CO2 to the environment",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "emission:H2",
        "kind": "emission",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 6.43737e-06,
        "title": "H2 to the environment",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "emission:H2O",
        "kind": "emission",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 3.6878,
        "title": "H2O to the environment",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "emission:N2",
        "kind": "emission",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "assumed",
        "quantity": 21.1807,
        "title": "N2 to the environment",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "emission:O2",
        "kind": "emission",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "calculated",
        "quantity": 0.563004,
        "title": "O2 to the environment",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "emission:N2O",
        "kind": "emission",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "estimated",
        "quantity": 7.82641e-06,
        "title": "N2O to the environment (estimated)",
        "unit": "kg"
      },
      {
        "direction": "output",
        "key": "emission:NOx",
        "kind": "emission",
        "phase": "operation",
        "provenance": "estimated",
        "quantity": 0.00579154,
        "title": "NOx to the environment (estimated)",
        "unit": "kg"
      }
    ],
    "no_total": {},
    "not_computed": [],
    "pcf": [],
    "publishable": true,
    "result": {
      "classification": "partial",
      "gaps": 6,
      "label": "partial screening carbon footprint",
      "publication": "public"
    },
    "sources": [
      "lca/README.md",
      "lca/dataset.yaml",
      "lca/factors.yaml",
      "lca/gaps.csv",
      "lca/inventory.csv",
      "lca/lca.yaml",
      "lca/mappings.yaml",
      "lca/results.csv",
      "lca/results.md"
    ],
    "totals": {
      "baseline": {
        "climate-change": 9.13771
      }
    },
    "withheld_reason": null
  },
  "lci_gaps": [],
  "maintainers": [
    {
      "name": "Artur Schweidtmann"
    }
  ],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": false,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0",
    "previews": {
      "sheets": [
        "BFD",
        "PFD"
      ],
      "source_commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0",
      "tool": "cheme 1.6.0 (pyDEXPI 2.1.0)"
    },
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "doi": "10.1002/14356007.o13_o03",
      "title": "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry: Hydrogen, 2. Production (route survey)"
    },
    {
      "title": "Twigg, M. V. (ed.) (1989) Catalyst Handbook, 2nd ed., Manson (reforming and shift catalyst windows, via the cheme reaction library)"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/hydrogen-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [
    {
      "bytes": 40051,
      "id": "BFD",
      "kind": "bfd",
      "preview": "artifacts/hydrogen-1/BFD.svg",
      "source": "process/BFD.xml",
      "status": "preview",
      "title": "Block flow diagram"
    },
    {
      "bytes": 210770,
      "id": "PFD",
      "kind": "pfd",
      "preview": "artifacts/hydrogen-1/PFD.svg",
      "source": "process/PFD.xml",
      "status": "preview",
      "title": "Process flow diagram"
    },
    {
      "id": "process-model",
      "kind": "process-model",
      "source": "process/flowsheet.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Flowsheet and stream table"
    },
    {
      "id": "simulation",
      "kind": "simulation",
      "source": "process/simulation.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Process simulation"
    },
    {
      "id": "equipment-list",
      "kind": "equipment-list",
      "source": "equipment/equipment-list.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Equipment list"
    },
    {
      "id": "lca",
      "kind": "lca",
      "source": "lca/lca.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Life cycle assessment"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Natural gas is desulfurised, reformed with steam over nickel in a fired tubular reformer, shifted at high temperature and purified by pressure swing adsorption to 99.9 mol% hydrogen; the PSA tail gas fires the reformer with trim natural gas and surplus steam is exported. Concept stage, assumed basis.",
  "title": "Hydrogen by natural-gas steam methane reforming with PSA (100 000 Nm3/h, steam export)",
  "validation": {
    "notes": "Concept PFD with closed mass, component and element balances (cheme validate, cheme process streams; every block and step ok). The reformer and shift outlets are calculated by cheme (equilibrium reactors) and reproduce the independent balance script (scripts/h2_balance.py); cheme process reactors gives a reformer duty of 102.0 MW and a furnace radiant duty of -102.0 MW on the same ideal-gas basis, and an adiabatic shift (0.03 kW). Since 2026-11-01 (DESIGN.md D-016) the process side is simulated in DWSIM (cheme process simulate, Peng-Robinson, converged; process/simulation-run.json) and its stream values and duties are the simulated ones; Peng-Robinson is not qualified for this water-bearing mixture and its use is a substitution not yet accepted. The furnace and steam system are excluded from the simulation and keep the concept balance's values. The natural gas composition, capacity, PSA recovery and all conditions are ASSUMED, not sourced, so cheme maturity reaches no level yet (sourced boundary and sourced model basis fail; the concept claim is the manifest's lowest level). Not reviewed. A preliminary gate-to-gate LCI (lca/) is written with its backgrounds unmapped (gaps). The chemicals registry entries used here are listed in DESIGN.md D-014 where they are missing.",
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": {
    "commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0",
    "dirty": false,
    "sheets": [
      "process/BFD.xml",
      "process/PFD.xml"
    ],
    "skipped": [],
    "snapshot": "snapshots/hydrogen-1/",
    "stale": false,
    "tool": "cheme-as-code 1.6.0",
    "views": [
      "checks",
      "streams"
    ]
  }
}