{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "1000 t/a iodine flakes, 125 kg/h (ASSUMED)",
    "location": "generic (Oklahoma-type brine; site not chosen)",
    "operating_hours_per_year": 8000
  },
  "benchmarks": [],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "chlorine",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "feed:CL2: chlorine gas 400 kPa(a) (e.g. chlor-alkali-1)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "sulfur-dioxide",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "feed:SO2: liquid sulfur dioxide, vaporised at the absorber",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "sulfuric-acid",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "feed:H2SO4: sulfuric acid 98.5 wt% (e.g. sulfuric-acid-1)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "sodium-hydroxide",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "feed:NAOH: caustic soda 50 wt% (e.g. chlor-alkali-1), counted by mass of the solution",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:PW",
        "note": "Absorber make-up water, 8.9 kg/kg iodine",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "iodine",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:IODINE",
        "note": "Iodine flakes, 99.8 wt% I2, to packing",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "wastewater",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:SPENT",
        "note": "Neutralised spent brine, 3.7 t/kg iodine, reinjected into the producing formation (about 30 mg/kg iodine left)",
        "role": "waste"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:POWER",
        "note": "Air circulation fan, reinjection pump (dominant, ASSUMED 3000 kPa), absorbent pump and recovery drives: 4.8 kWh/kg",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "steam",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:LPS",
        "note": "LP steam 450 kPa(a) to the iodine melter (ASSUMED)",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "cooling-water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:CW",
        "note": "Flaker, 25/35 C (ASSUMED)",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "Raw brine (462 t/h, 300 mg/kg iodine as iodide, the average of the Woodward trench brines of\nnorthwest Oklahoma) is acidified to about pH 2.4 by the plant's own recycled acid liquors and\nchlorinated to an oxidation-potential end point. A packed tower blows the liberated iodine out\ninto a closed air loop (130 Nm3 air per m3 brine, 5 % purge); a second tower absorbs it in a\ncirculating hydriodic/sulfuric acid liquor into which SO2 is injected. A bleed of the liquor is\nchlorinated again, the iodine precipitates, is filtered, melted under concentrated sulfuric\nacid and flaked (99.8 wt% I2). Filtrate and spent melter acid return to the brine head; the\nstripped brine is neutralised with caustic and pumped back into the formation. Overall\nrecovery 90 %.\n\nAll values are concept estimates. The route and its steps follow open patent backgrounds and\nthe Oklahoma Geological Survey; the design parameters (chlorine excess, stripping fraction,\nair ratio, absorber and precipitation yields) are ASSUMED and come from the independent script\nscripts/iodine_balance.py, whose neutral-molecule liquor basis is not an electrolyte model;\nsee DESIGN.md of the engineering files for every assumption and gated step.\n",
  "design_basis": {
    "assumptions": [
      "ASSUMED brine acidified with the recycled filtrate and spent melter acid to pH about 2.4 (ideal estimate), inside the pH 1-3 of the blowing-out effluent (US 9,994,448 B2) and below the pH 3 above which iodine liberation is incomplete (US 1,897,031) (D-004).",
      "ASSUMED chlorine 5 % over the iodide-to-iodine stoichiometry, dosed to an oxidation-potential end point; 98 % of the iodide oxidised (D-004).",
      "ASSUMED 92 % of the liberated iodine blown out with 130 Nm3 circulating air per m3 brine at 313 K (US 1,897,031: 90-100 % removal in tower blowing-out); excess chlorine and CO2 completely stripped (D-005).",
      "ASSUMED closed air loop between the blowing-out tower and the absorber with 5 % purge; 99.5 % of the iodine absorbed in HI/H2SO4 liquor with 2 % excess SO2; bleed at 10 wt% HI (D-005).",
      "ASSUMED 99.5 % of the bleed's HI oxidised to iodine by chlorine and 99 % of the iodine precipitated; cake with 10 wt% mother liquor; filtrate recycled to the brine head (D-006).",
      "ASSUMED melting under 98.5 wt% sulfuric acid, 0.2 kg H2SO4 per kg iodine, spent acid recycled to the brine head (D-006).",
      "ASSUMED neutralisation of the spent brine's strong acid with 50 wt% caustic to neutral before reinjection at 3100 kPa(a) (D-009).",
      "Overall recovery 90 % follows from these (cheme process streams; scripts/iodine_balance.py). The yields were chosen within sourced ranges so that the overall recovery equals the 90 % that US 2013/0243684 A1 states (about 30 mg/L returned then follows by arithmetic): a calibration to the patent, not an independent check (D-006)."
    ],
    "source": "process/design-basis.yaml"
  },
  "engineering": {
    "description": "Iodine (1000 t/a flakes) from natural iodide brine: chlorine oxidation, air blowing-out, SO2 absorption, chlorine precipitation and melting under sulfuric acid. Concept stage.",
    "name": "Iodine",
    "requires": "cheme-as-code>=0.8",
    "stage": "concept",
    "stages": [
      {
        "id": "concept",
        "title": "Concept and feasibility"
      },
      {
        "id": "basic",
        "title": "Basic engineering"
      },
      {
        "id": "detail",
        "title": "Detail engineering"
      }
    ],
    "tool": "plantcode"
  },
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "mineral"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "chemicals"
    ],
    "region": "generic",
    "unit_operations": [
      "reaction",
      "stripping",
      "absorption",
      "filtration",
      "melting",
      "neutralisation"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "inorganic-chemicals"
  ],
  "gap_count": 2,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "iodine-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Aiodine-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Aiodine-1&process=iodine-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Aiodine-1&process=iodine-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Aiodine-1&process=iodine-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Aiodine-1&process=iodine-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Aiodine-1&process=iodine-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Aiodine-1&process=iodine-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "iodine",
    "brine",
    "iodide",
    "blowing-out",
    "air stripping",
    "chlorine oxidation",
    "sulfur dioxide absorption",
    "hydriodic acid",
    "precipitation",
    "iodine melting",
    "reinjection",
    "Oklahoma",
    "Woodward trench"
  ],
  "lca": null,
  "lci_gaps": [
    {
      "dataset": "iodine-from-natural-brine-by-chlorine-oxidation-air-blowing-out-and-so2-absorption-1000-t-a",
      "key": "feed:BRINE",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iodine-from-natural-brine-by-chlorine-oxidation-air-blowing-out-and-so2-absorption-1000-t-a",
      "key": "feed:SO2",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    }
  ],
  "maintainers": [
    {
      "name": "Artur Schweidtmann"
    }
  ],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": true,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0",
    "previews": {
      "sheets": [
        "BFD",
        "PFD"
      ],
      "source_commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0",
      "tool": "cheme 1.6.0 (pyDEXPI 2.1.0)"
    },
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "doi": "10.1002/14356007.a14_381.pub2",
      "title": "Iodine and Iodine Compounds. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Wiley-VCH); route reference lead, not audited in this run"
    },
    {
      "title": "Oklahoma Geological Survey: Iodine (brine iodine content, blow-out towers, reinjection)",
      "url": "https://www.ou.edu/ogs/research/minerals/iodine"
    },
    {
      "title": "US 2013/0243684 A1, Systems, methods and apparatus for iodine removal from high volume dilute brine (background: blow-out process)",
      "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US20130243684"
    },
    {
      "title": "US 4,282,324 A (1981) Method for producing iodine (background: conventional brine process)",
      "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US4282324A/en"
    },
    {
      "title": "US 1,897,031 A (1933) Recovering iodine from natural waters and the like (Dow)",
      "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US1897031A/en"
    },
    {
      "title": "US 9,994,448 B2 (2018) Iodine extraction processes (background: blow-out effluent pH)",
      "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US9994448B2/en"
    },
    {
      "title": "U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook 1987, Iodine chapter (Woodward brines about 300 ppm iodine)",
      "url": "https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/APCUAWIWNUXSEF9A"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/iodine-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [
    {
      "bytes": 36393,
      "id": "BFD",
      "kind": "bfd",
      "preview": "artifacts/iodine-1/BFD.svg",
      "source": "process/BFD.xml",
      "status": "preview",
      "title": "Block flow diagram"
    },
    {
      "bytes": 153417,
      "id": "PFD",
      "kind": "pfd",
      "preview": "artifacts/iodine-1/PFD.svg",
      "source": "process/PFD.xml",
      "status": "preview",
      "title": "Process flow diagram"
    },
    {
      "id": "process-model",
      "kind": "process-model",
      "source": "process/flowsheet.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Flowsheet and stream table"
    },
    {
      "id": "simulation",
      "kind": "simulation",
      "source": "process/simulation.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Process simulation"
    },
    {
      "id": "equipment-list",
      "kind": "equipment-list",
      "source": "equipment/equipment-list.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Equipment list"
    },
    {
      "id": "lca",
      "kind": "lca",
      "source": "lca/lca.yaml",
      "status": "viewer",
      "title": "Life cycle assessment"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "An Oklahoma-type formation brine with 300 mg/kg iodide is acidified, chlorinated and blown out with circulating air; the iodine is absorbed in HI/H2SO4 liquor with SO2, re-liberated with chlorine, filtered, melted under sulfuric acid and flaked; the spent brine is neutralised and reinjected. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate inventory.",
  "title": "Iodine from natural iodide brine by chlorine oxidation, air blowing-out and SO2 absorption (1000 t/a)",
  "validation": {
    "notes": "Concept PFD with closed mass, component and element balances (cheme validate, cheme process streams, cheme assess lca --balance: every element within 0.01 %). Only the brine iodine content (300 mg/kg, Oklahoma Geological Survey; US Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook 1987) is sourced; the route steps follow patent backgrounds (US 2013/0243684 A1, US 4,282,324, US 1,897,031, US 9,994,448 B2); every flow, conversion and duty is ASSUMED or comes from scripts/iodine_balance.py. The yields were chosen within sourced ranges so that the overall recovery equals the 90 % that US 2013/0243684 A1 states (about 30 mg/kg iodine left then follows by arithmetic): the recovery is calibrated to the patent, not an independent check of the model. Energy closure is not evaluable in core (no electrolyte enthalpies). Not reviewed. Main products and feeds are listed under chemistry with their chemicals registry entries (issue #251).",
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": {
    "commit": "c3ab3488c602bc797fdc98feffd4578375150dd0",
    "dirty": false,
    "sheets": [
      "process/BFD.xml",
      "process/PFD.xml"
    ],
    "skipped": [],
    "snapshot": "snapshots/iodine-1/",
    "stale": false,
    "tool": "cheme-as-code 1.6.0",
    "views": [
      "checks",
      "streams"
    ]
  }
}