{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "per tonne of crude steel (the dataset's basis); no plant size"
  },
  "benchmarks": [
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "expression": "emission:CO2 / product:steel",
      "family": "iron-steel",
      "kpi": "bf-bof-direct-co2",
      "no_open_reference": "No open source with a works-level figure for this boundary found (2026-11-05). Read: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3 ch. 4 (Table 4.1, p. 4.25) gives a Tier 1 factor of 1.46 t CO2/t for BOF steelmaking with blast furnace iron making (world data of 2003, expert consensus), but it leaves out the coke ovens and the sinter plant, which the Tier 1 method adds with factors of their own (0.56 t/t coke, Equation 4.1; 0.20 t/t sinter, Equation 4.7); Pardo, Moya and Vatopoulos (2012), JRC EUR 25543 EN, doi:10.2790/64264, Table 2, p. 13, give direct CO2 per plant (coke 0.794, sinter 0.200, BF 1.219, BOS 0.181 t/t), and their route figures (Figure 19, about 1.8 t/t for the best integrated performers) leave out the works' power plants; the Iron and Steel BREF (EUR 25521 EN) gives no works-level CO2 per t. For context only (our arithmetic, not a range of any source): the IPCC Tier 1 factors at this dataset's 935 kg sinter and 351 kg coke per t give about 1840 kg/t, and Pardo et al.'s per-plant values at the same ratios about 1690 kg/t (without the power plants).",
      "problem": "1 to kg/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Direct fossil CO2 per t of crude steel, integrated BF-BOF works (coke ovens, sinter, BF, BOF; all process gas burnt at the works)",
      "unit": "kg/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "expression": "feed:electricity / product:steel",
      "family": "iron-steel",
      "kpi": "bf-bof-purchased-electricity",
      "no_open_reference": "No open source with a site-level electricity figure per t of crude steel for integrated works found (2026-11-05). Read: the Iron and Steel BREF (EUR 25521 EN) gives electricity per plant only (Tables 3.2, 5.2, 6.1, 7.3), which the dataset sums, and its section 7.2.2.4 estimate for the converter alone; Pardo, Moya and Vatopoulos (2012), JRC EUR 25543 EN, Table 2, gives direct and primary energy per plant, not electricity; IPCC 2006 Vol. 3 ch. 4 gives none. The dataset's value is gross: the works' own generation from process gases is not credited.",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Purchased electricity per t of crude steel, integrated BF-BOF route",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "expression": "feed:scrap / product:steel",
      "family": "iron-steel",
      "kpi": "bf-bof-scrap-charge",
      "problem": "1 to kg/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "EU",
          "technology": "basic oxygen steelmaking",
          "year": 2004
        },
        "id": "bref-is-bof-scrap",
        "note": "Not independent of the dataset, which takes the midpoint of this range.",
        "range": [
          101,
          340
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Remus, R. et al. (2013) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Iron and Steel Production. JRC Reference Report EUR 25521 EN, doi:10.2791/97469",
          "kind": "bref",
          "locator": "Section 7.2.1, Table 7.3, p. 369",
          "url": "https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/IS_Adopted_03_2012.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Scrap charged to the converter per t of liquid steel",
      "unit": "kg/t",
      "value": null
    }
  ],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "iron-ore",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:iron-ore-fines",
        "note": "sinter feed fines",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "iron-ore",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:iron-ore-lump",
        "note": "lump ore to the blast furnace and the converter",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "iron-ore-pellets",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:pellets",
        "note": "bought pellets; no pellet plant in the boundary",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "coking-coal",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:coking-coal",
        "note": "as received (with its moisture); all coke made on site (ASSUMED)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "hard-coal",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:pci-coal",
        "note": "coal injected at the tuyeres",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "heavy-fuel-oil",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:fuel-oil",
        "note": "oil injected at the tuyeres",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "methane",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:natural-gas",
        "note": "pipeline natural gas, taken as methane (library convention)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "limestone",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:limestone",
        "note": "sinter and blast furnace flux",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "calcium-oxide",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:lime",
        "note": "burnt lime to the sinter plant and the converter",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "dolomite",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:dolomite",
        "note": "converter flux",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "steel-scrap",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:scrap",
        "note": "converter scrap",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "ferroalloys",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:ferroalloys",
        "note": "alloying additions to the converter and secondary metallurgy",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "oxygen",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:oxygen",
        "note": "tuyere enrichment and converter blowing",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "nitrogen",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:nitrogen",
        "note": "inerting, purging and stirring; released to air",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "argon",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:argon",
        "note": "converter stirring; released to air",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "crude-steel",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:steel",
        "note": "crude steel, cast semis",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "blast-furnace-slag",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:bf-slag",
        "note": "a co-product with a share of 0 (see the dataset's allocation and its deviation)",
        "role": "by-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "steelmaking-slag",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:bof-slag",
        "note": "a co-product with a share of 0",
        "role": "by-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "coal-tar",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:coal-tar",
        "note": "a co-product with a share of 0",
        "role": "by-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "benzene",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "product:crude-benzole: light oil (BTX, crude benzole) from the coke oven gas, a mixture whose carbon the dataset takes as benzene (ASSUMED); a co-product with a share of 0; no inventory_key, since the light oil is not benzene",
        "role": "by-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "sulfur",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "product:recovered-sulfur: sulfur from coke oven gas desulfurisation, a co-product with a share of 0; no inventory_key, so that it is never taken as an Atlas producer of sulfur",
        "role": "by-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "carbon-dioxide",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "emission:CO2",
        "note": "fossil CO2 of all carbon burnt at the works, IPCC Tier 2 carbon balance",
        "role": "emission"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "wastewater",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "output:wastewater",
        "role": "waste"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:electricity",
        "note": "purchased, gross: the works' own generation from process gases is not credited",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "",
  "design_basis": null,
  "engineering": null,
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "fossil",
      "mineral",
      "recycled"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "materials"
    ],
    "region": "EU",
    "unit_operations": [
      "reaction",
      "agglomeration",
      "smelting",
      "casting"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "iron-steel"
  ],
  "gap_count": 15,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "iron-steel-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Airon-steel-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Airon-steel-1&process=iron-steel-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Airon-steel-1&process=iron-steel-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Airon-steel-1&process=iron-steel-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Airon-steel-1&process=iron-steel-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Airon-steel-1&process=iron-steel-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Airon-steel-1&process=iron-steel-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "steel",
    "crude steel",
    "blast furnace",
    "basic oxygen furnace",
    "BOF",
    "coke oven",
    "sinter",
    "hot metal",
    "integrated steelworks"
  ],
  "lca": null,
  "lci_gaps": [
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "feed:coking-coal",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "feed:pci-coal",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "feed:fuel-oil",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "feed:iron-ore-fines",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "feed:iron-ore-lump",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "feed:pellets",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "feed:dolomite",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "feed:sinter-additives",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "feed:scrap",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "feed:other-iron",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "feed:ferroalloys",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "feed:argon",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "emission:PM",
      "link": "biosphere",
      "type": "emission"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "emission:H2S",
      "link": "biosphere",
      "type": "emission"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "iron-steel-bf-bof-integrated",
      "key": "emission:HF",
      "link": "biosphere",
      "type": "emission"
    }
  ],
  "maintainers": [],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": true,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174",
    "previews": null,
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "doi": "10.2791/97469",
      "title": "Remus, R., Aguado-Monsonet, M.A., Roudier, S., Delgado Sancho, L. (2013) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Iron and Steel Production. JRC Reference Report EUR 25521 EN, Tables 3.2, 3.4, 5.2, 6.1 to 6.6, 7.3 and 7.4"
    },
    {
      "title": "IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 3 Industrial Processes and Product Use, ch. 4 Metal Industry Emissions, section 4.2 (Equation 4.9, Tables 4.1 to 4.3)",
      "url": "https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_4_Ch4_Metal_Industry.pdf"
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.2790/64264",
      "title": "Pardo, N., Moya, J.A., Vatopoulos, K. (2012) Prospective Scenarios on Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions in the EU Iron & Steel Industry. JRC Report EUR 25543 EN, Table 2 (per-plant direct CO2; context for the CO2 KPI in benchmarks/iron-steel.yaml)"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/iron-steel-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [],
  "summary": "Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of crude steel from an integrated works (coke ovens, sinter plant, blast furnace, BOF): EU Iron and Steel BREF per-tonne data chained, CO2 from an IPCC 2006 Tier 2 carbon balance. Converter heats taken as a time average. No flowsheet; not reviewed.",
  "title": "Crude steel by the integrated blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace route",
  "validation": {
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": null
}