{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "per tonne of quicklime (the dataset's basis); no plant size (PFRKs are built for 100 to 600 t/d)"
  },
  "benchmarks": [
    {
      "dataset": "quicklime-pfrk-natural-gas",
      "expression": "feed:electricity / product:quicklime",
      "family": "cement-lime",
      "kpi": "lime-kiln-electricity",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "product": "lime and dolime",
          "region": "EU",
          "technology": "parallel flow regenerative kiln"
        },
        "id": "bref-clm-lime-electricity-pfrk",
        "note": "Kiln electricity only. Not independent of the dataset, whose value is the midpoint of this range.",
        "range": [
          20,
          40
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Schorcht, F. et al. (2013) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide. JRC Reference Report EUR 26129 EN, doi:10.2788/12850",
          "kind": "bref",
          "locator": "Section 2.3.2.1, Table 2.23, p. 223",
          "url": "https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/CLM_Published_def_0.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Kiln electricity per t of quicklime",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "quicklime-pfrk-natural-gas",
      "expression": "emission:CO2-calcination / product:quicklime",
      "family": "cement-lime",
      "kpi": "lime-process-co2",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "product": "high-calcium lime, 95 % CaO (default; range 93 to 98 %), fully calcined",
          "region": "global default"
        },
        "id": "ipcc-2006-high-calcium-lime-ef",
        "note": "The Tier 1 default emission factor for high-calcium lime (stoichiometric 0.785 t CO2 per t CaO times a default CaO content of 0.95), recorded as a zero-width range and not widened. It assumes full calcination and no lime kiln dust.",
        "range": [
          0.75,
          0.75
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use, chapter 2, section 2.3",
          "kind": "other",
          "locator": "Section 2.3.1.2, Table 2.4, p. 2.22",
          "url": "https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_2_Ch2_Mineral_Industry.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Calcination (process) CO2 per t of quicklime",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "quicklime-pfrk-natural-gas",
      "expression": "feed:limestone / product:quicklime",
      "family": "cement-lime",
      "kpi": "lime-specific-limestone",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "product": "saleable quicklime",
          "region": "EU",
          "technology": "all lime kilns"
        },
        "id": "bref-clm-lime-limestone",
        "note": "All kiln types and products; the source names product type, stone purity, degree of calcination and dust losses as the reasons for the spread. Not independent of the dataset, whose limestone is stoichiometric.",
        "range": [
          1.4,
          2.2
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Schorcht, F. et al. (2013) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide. JRC Reference Report EUR 26129 EN, doi:10.2788/12850",
          "kind": "bref",
          "locator": "Section 2.3.1, p. 222",
          "url": "https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/CLM_Published_def_0.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Limestone per t of saleable quicklime",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "quicklime-pfrk-natural-gas",
      "expression": "(emission:CO2-calcination + emission:CO2-combustion) / product:quicklime",
      "family": "cement-lime",
      "kpi": "lime-total-co2",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "product": "lime (CaO)",
          "region": "EU",
          "technology": "parallel flow regenerative kiln",
          "year": 2006
        },
        "id": "bref-clm-lime-co2-pfrk",
        "note": "The source's total activity factor for lime from parallel flow regenerative kilns, 0.785 t/t process CO2 plus 0.202 to 0.425 t/t combustion CO2, across the fuels in use.",
        "range": [
          0.987,
          1.21
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Schorcht, F. et al. (2013) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide. JRC Reference Report EUR 26129 EN, doi:10.2788/12850",
          "kind": "bref",
          "locator": "Section 2.3.3.4.1, Table 2.25, p. 234",
          "url": "https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/CLM_Published_def_0.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Process and combustion CO2 per t of quicklime",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    }
  ],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "limestone",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:limestone",
        "note": "counted as its CaCO3 (impurities not modelled)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "methane",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:natural-gas",
        "note": "natural gas, taken as pure methane (ASSUMED)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "air",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "combustion air, free; its O2 is feed:O2",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "calcium-oxide",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:quicklime",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "calcium-oxide",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "product:byproduct-lime: off-specification lime and filter dust, sold for other uses; allocated by mass with the quicklime (the dataset's allocation). No inventory_key, so that it is never taken as an Atlas producer of calcium-oxide",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "carbon-dioxide",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "emission:CO2-calcination",
        "note": "process CO2 of the carbonate",
        "role": "emission"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "carbon-dioxide",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "emission:CO2-combustion",
        "note": "fuel CO2",
        "role": "emission"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "emission:H2O",
        "note": "combustion water vapour",
        "role": "emission"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:electricity",
        "note": "kiln only",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "",
  "design_basis": null,
  "engineering": null,
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "mineral",
      "fossil"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "materials"
    ],
    "region": "EU",
    "unit_operations": [
      "calcination",
      "combustion"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "cement-lime"
  ],
  "gap_count": 1,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "lime-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Alime-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Alime-1&process=lime-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Alime-1&process=lime-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Alime-1&process=lime-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Alime-1&process=lime-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Alime-1&process=lime-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Alime-1&process=lime-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "lime",
    "quicklime",
    "burnt lime",
    "calcium oxide",
    "limestone",
    "calcination",
    "lime kiln",
    "PFRK",
    "process CO2"
  ],
  "lca": null,
  "lci_gaps": [
    {
      "dataset": "quicklime-pfrk-natural-gas",
      "key": "emission:PM",
      "link": "biosphere",
      "type": "emission"
    }
  ],
  "maintainers": [],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": true,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174",
    "previews": null,
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "doi": "10.2788/12850",
      "title": "Schorcht, F., Kourti, I., Scalet, B.M., Roudier, S., Delgado Sancho, L. (2013) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide. JRC Reference Report EUR 26129 EN, chapter 2 (lime) and section 4.3 (BAT conclusions for lime)"
    },
    {
      "title": "IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use, chapter 2 (Mineral Industry Emissions), section 2.3 (Lime production)",
      "url": "https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_2_Ch2_Mineral_Industry.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/lime-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [],
  "summary": "Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of high-calcium quicklime: limestone and process CO2 from stoichiometry, fuel heat, electricity and kiln emissions from EU CLM BREF ranges for the PFRK. No flowsheet; not reviewed.",
  "title": "Quicklime by calcination of limestone in a natural-gas-fired parallel flow regenerative kiln",
  "validation": {
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": null
}