{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "per tonne of merchant-grade acid (the dataset's basis); no plant size"
  },
  "benchmarks": [
    {
      "dataset": "phosphoric-acid-dihydrate",
      "expression": "emission:HF * 0.94961 / (product:phosphoric-acid * 0.53967)",
      "family": "phosphoric-acid",
      "kpi": "pa-fluoride-air",
      "problem": "1 to g/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "US",
          "technology": "wet process, scrubbed (US plants, source tests 1987 to 1991)",
          "year": 1993
        },
        "id": "ap42-pa-fluoride-controlled",
        "note": "Our sum of the four controlled factors of Table 8.9-1 (reactor 1.9, evaporator 0.022, belt filter 0.32, filter vacuum pump 0.073 g/t); gypsum ponds are site-specific and not included. A single value, recorded as a zero-width range and not widened.",
        "range": [
          2.3,
          2.3
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "US EPA (1993, reformatted 1995) Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42), Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 8: Inorganic Chemical Industry, Section 8.9 Phosphoric Acid",
          "kind": "government",
          "locator": "Table 8.9-1, p. 8.9-6",
          "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-09/documents/8.9_phosphoric_acid.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Fluoride to air (as F) per t of P2O5 produced",
      "unit": "g/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "phosphoric-acid-dihydrate",
      "expression": "(output:phosphogypsum + output:gypsum-p2o5-loss + output:gypsum-fluoride + output:gypsum-silica) / (product:phosphoric-acid * 0.53967)",
      "family": "phosphoric-acid",
      "kpi": "pa-phosphogypsum",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "EU",
          "technology": "wet process with sulfuric acid"
        },
        "id": "bref-lvic-aaf-pa-gypsum",
        "note": "The source says about four to five tonnes of gypsum per t P2O5; it does not state the moisture basis, read here as dry. The binding sums the dataset's four phosphogypsum outputs (gypsum, P2O5 loss, fluoride, gangue).",
        "range": [
          4.0,
          5.0
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "European Commission, JRC/EIPPCB (2007) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Manufacture of Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers (LVIC-AAF BREF), adopted August 2007",
          "kind": "bref",
          "locator": "Chapter 5, Sections 5.2.2 and 5.2.2.5, pp. 215 and 221",
          "url": "https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/lvic_aaf.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Phosphogypsum generated per t of P2O5 produced",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "phosphoric-acid-dihydrate",
      "expression": "feed:electricity / (product:phosphoric-acid * 0.53967)",
      "family": "phosphoric-acid",
      "kpi": "pa-specific-electricity",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "EU (Belgium)",
          "technology": "dihydrate process (modified)",
          "year": 2005
        },
        "id": "bref-lvic-aaf-pa-electricity-nilefos",
        "note": "One plant's reported range (Nilefos, Belgium, a dihydrate plant; whether it grinds is not stated), data of VITO (2005) as reported in the BREF. The dataset cites it as support for taking EFMA's upper end, so the check is only partly independent.",
        "range": [
          170,
          180
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "European Commission, JRC/EIPPCB (2007) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Manufacture of Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers (LVIC-AAF BREF), adopted August 2007",
          "kind": "bref",
          "locator": "Chapter 5, Section 5.3, Table 5.5, p. 222",
          "url": "https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/lvic_aaf.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Electricity per t of P2O5 produced",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "phosphoric-acid-dihydrate",
      "expression": "feed:phosphate-rock / (product:phosphoric-acid * 0.53967)",
      "family": "phosphoric-acid",
      "kpi": "pa-specific-rock",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "EU",
          "technology": "wet process with sulfuric acid, all variants",
          "year": 2000
        },
        "id": "efma-pa-rock",
        "note": "The source says the figure depends mainly on the rock's composition and the overall efficiency. The BREF repeats it (Table 5.5).",
        "range": [
          2.6,
          3.5
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "EFMA (2000) Best Available Techniques for Pollution Prevention and Control in the European Fertilizer Industry, Booklet No. 4 of 8: Production of Phosphoric Acid. European Fertilizer Manufacturers' Association (now Fertilizers Europe), Brussels",
          "kind": "other",
          "locator": "Section 4.1, p. 29",
          "url": "https://www.fertilizerseurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Booklet_4_final.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Phosphate rock consumption per t of P2O5 produced",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "phosphoric-acid-dihydrate",
      "expression": "feed:steam / (product:phosphoric-acid * 0.53967)",
      "family": "phosphoric-acid",
      "kpi": "pa-specific-steam",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "EU (Belgium)",
          "technology": "dihydrate process (modified), part of the acid concentrated",
          "year": 2005
        },
        "id": "bref-lvic-aaf-pa-steam-nilefos",
        "note": "One plant's reported range (Nilefos, Belgium, a dihydrate plant), depending on the fraction of the acid concentrated; data of VITO (2005) as reported in the BREF. The dataset cites it as support for taking EFMA's upper end, so the check is only partly independent.",
        "range": [
          1.9,
          2.4
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "European Commission, JRC/EIPPCB (2007) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Manufacture of Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers (LVIC-AAF BREF), adopted August 2007",
          "kind": "bref",
          "locator": "Chapter 5, Section 5.3, Table 5.5, p. 222",
          "url": "https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/lvic_aaf.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Steam per t of P2O5 produced (concentrated)",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "phosphoric-acid-dihydrate",
      "expression": "feed:sulfuric-acid * 0.98492 / (product:phosphoric-acid * 0.53967)",
      "family": "phosphoric-acid",
      "kpi": "pa-specific-sulfuric-acid",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "EU (Belgium)",
          "technology": "modified dihydrate process",
          "year": 2005
        },
        "id": "bref-lvic-aaf-pa-h2so4-nilefos",
        "note": "One plant's range (Nilefos, a modified dihydrate plant), depending on the rock. Read as 100 % H2SO4; the table does not state the strength.",
        "range": [
          2.4,
          2.9
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "European Commission, JRC/EIPPCB (2007) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Manufacture of Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers (LVIC-AAF BREF), adopted August 2007",
          "kind": "bref",
          "locator": "Chapter 5, Section 5.3, Table 5.5, p. 222",
          "url": "https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/lvic_aaf.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Sulfuric acid (as 100 % H2SO4) per t of P2O5 produced",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    }
  ],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "phosphate-rock",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:phosphate-rock",
        "note": "modelled on the Moroccan (Khouribga) analysis of the LVIC-AAF BREF, 33.6 % P2O5",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "sulfuric-acid",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:sulfuric-acid",
        "note": "98.5 wt%, counted by mass of the acid as sulfuric-acid-1 makes it",
        "role": "reactant"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:water",
        "note": "process water, scrubber water not included",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "phosphoric-acid",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:phosphoric-acid",
        "note": "merchant-grade acid, 53.97 wt% P2O5, counted by mass of the solution",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "fluosilicic-acid",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:fluosilicic-acid",
        "note": "counted as 100 % H2SiF6; sold as 20 to 25 % solution",
        "role": "by-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "phosphogypsum",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "output:phosphogypsum",
        "note": "the calcium sulfate dihydrate; P2O5 loss, fluoride and gangue are separate outputs to the same stack",
        "role": "waste"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "wastewater",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "output:wastewater",
        "note": "ASSUMED closing term of the water balance",
        "role": "waste"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:electricity",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "steam",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:steam",
        "note": "by mass, for acid concentration; pressure not stated by the source",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "",
  "design_basis": null,
  "engineering": null,
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "mineral"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "chemicals",
      "fertilizers"
    ],
    "region": "EU",
    "unit_operations": [
      "reaction",
      "crystallization",
      "filtration",
      "evaporation",
      "absorption"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "phosphoric-acid"
  ],
  "gap_count": 5,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "phosphoric-acid-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Aphosphoric-acid-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Aphosphoric-acid-1&process=phosphoric-acid-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Aphosphoric-acid-1&process=phosphoric-acid-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Aphosphoric-acid-1&process=phosphoric-acid-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Aphosphoric-acid-1&process=phosphoric-acid-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Aphosphoric-acid-1&process=phosphoric-acid-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Aphosphoric-acid-1&process=phosphoric-acid-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "phosphoric acid",
    "wet process",
    "dihydrate",
    "phosphate rock",
    "sulfuric acid",
    "phosphogypsum",
    "fluosilicic acid",
    "merchant grade acid",
    "P2O5"
  ],
  "lca": null,
  "lci_gaps": [
    {
      "dataset": "phosphoric-acid-dihydrate",
      "key": "feed:phosphate-rock",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "phosphoric-acid-dihydrate",
      "key": "output:phosphogypsum",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "output"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "phosphoric-acid-dihydrate",
      "key": "output:gypsum-p2o5-loss",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "output"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "phosphoric-acid-dihydrate",
      "key": "output:gypsum-fluoride",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "output"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "phosphoric-acid-dihydrate",
      "key": "output:gypsum-silica",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "output"
    }
  ],
  "maintainers": [],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": true,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174",
    "previews": null,
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "title": "European Commission, JRC (2007) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Manufacture of Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers (LVIC-AAF BREF), chapter 5",
      "url": "https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/lvic_aaf.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "EFMA (2000) Best Available Techniques for Pollution Prevention and Control in the European Fertilizer Industry, Booklet No. 4: Production of Phosphoric Acid (Fertilizers Europe)",
      "url": "https://www.fertilizerseurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Booklet_4_final.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 3, chapter 2 (Mineral Industry Emissions), section 2.1 and Table 2.1",
      "url": "https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_2_Ch2_Mineral_Industry.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "US EPA (1993, reformatted 1995) AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, section 8.9 Phosphoric Acid",
      "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-09/documents/8.9_phosphoric_acid.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/phosphoric-acid-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [],
  "summary": "Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of merchant-grade acid (54 % P2O5): rock, sulfuric acid and phosphogypsum from the stoichiometry of a model Moroccan rock with the BREF's dihydrate P2O5 efficiency; power, steam, water and fluosilicic acid from EFMA ranges. No flowsheet; not reviewed.",
  "title": "Phosphoric acid by the wet dihydrate process (merchant grade, from phosphate rock and sulfuric acid)",
  "validation": {
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": null
}