{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "per tonne of raw pyrolysis oil (the dataset's basis); no plant size"
  },
  "benchmarks": [
    {
      "dataset": "plastic-pyrolysis-mixed-polyolefins",
      "expression": "product:plastic-pyrolysis-oil / feed:mixed-polyolefin-waste",
      "family": "chemical-recycling",
      "kpi": "pyrolysis-oil-yield",
      "problem": "1 to kg/kg needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "capacity": "24 to 265 t/d feed",
          "product": "diesel and naphtha (total liquid)",
          "region": "US",
          "technology": "plastic-to-fuel pyrolysis with on-site upgrading, five companies; feed non-recycled plastics, mostly PE and PP",
          "year": 2016
        },
        "id": "benavides-2017-ptf-liquid-yield",
        "note": "Feedstock-to-liquid-fuel conversion reported by the responding companies (median 75 wt%). The liquid is diesel and naphtha after on-site upgrading, not raw oil.",
        "range": [
          0.6,
          0.8
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Benavides, P.T., Sun, P., Han, J., Dunn, J.B., Wang, M. (2017) Life-cycle analysis of fuels from post-use non-recycled plastics. Fuel 203:11-22, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.070 (accepted manuscript)",
          "kind": "peer-reviewed",
          "locator": "Section 3.2, pp. 9-10",
          "url": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1353191"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Pyrolysis liquid per mass of plastic waste fed to pyrolysis",
      "unit": "kg/kg",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "plastic-pyrolysis-mixed-polyolefins",
      "expression": "feed:electricity / product:plastic-pyrolysis-oil",
      "family": "chemical-recycling",
      "kpi": "pyrolysis-specific-electricity",
      "no_open_reference": "No second open figure found (2026-11-05). Read: JRC 2023 EUR 31423 (its pyrolysis inventories are confidential survey data, not published), JRC 2026 EUR 40766 (costs and yields, no electricity), Gracida-Alvarez et al. 2023, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138867 (refers to ANL-22/37 for the energy data). Not readable: ANL-22/37 (OSTI 1885570 served a bot check) and Jeswani et al. 2021, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144483 (HTTP 403). The dataset's value is Benavides et al. 2017, its own source.",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Electricity per t of raw pyrolysis oil",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    }
  ],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "mixed-polyolefin-waste",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:mixed-polyolefin-waste",
        "note": "sorted and pretreated; burden-free under cut-off",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "plastic-pyrolysis-oil",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:plastic-pyrolysis-oil",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "plastic-pyrolysis-gas",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:plastic-pyrolysis-gas",
        "note": "the gas not fired for process heat",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "pyrolysis-char",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "output:pyrolysis-char",
        "role": "waste"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:electricity",
        "note": "a US survey median that includes pretreatment and on-site upgrading",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "",
  "design_basis": null,
  "engineering": null,
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "recycled",
      "electricity"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "chemicals",
      "fuels"
    ],
    "region": "EU",
    "unit_operations": [
      "reaction",
      "condensation"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "chemical-recycling"
  ],
  "gap_count": 1,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "plastic-pyrolysis-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Aplastic-pyrolysis-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Aplastic-pyrolysis-1&process=plastic-pyrolysis-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Aplastic-pyrolysis-1&process=plastic-pyrolysis-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Aplastic-pyrolysis-1&process=plastic-pyrolysis-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Aplastic-pyrolysis-1&process=plastic-pyrolysis-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Aplastic-pyrolysis-1&process=plastic-pyrolysis-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Aplastic-pyrolysis-1&process=plastic-pyrolysis-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "pyrolysis",
    "chemical recycling",
    "plastic waste",
    "polyolefins",
    "pyrolysis oil",
    "steam cracker feed"
  ],
  "lca": null,
  "lci_gaps": [
    {
      "dataset": "plastic-pyrolysis-mixed-polyolefins",
      "key": "output:pyrolysis-char",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "output"
    }
  ],
  "maintainers": [],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": true,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174",
    "previews": null,
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "doi": "10.2760/6105801",
      "title": "Gaudillat, P., Marschinski, R., Saveyn, H. (2026) Economic viability of chemical recycling: current and future perspectives. JRC147061, EUR 40766, Annex A.5 and Tables 3, 5 and 7"
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.2760/0472",
      "title": "Garcia-Gutierrez, P. et al. (2023) Environmental and economic assessment of plastic waste recycling. JRC132067, EUR 31423 EN, sections 3.2.2.1 and 3.4"
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.070",
      "title": "Benavides, P.T., Sun, P., Han, J., Dunn, J.B., Wang, M. (2017) Life-cycle analysis of fuels from post-use non-recycled plastics. Fuel 203:11-22 (accepted manuscript, OSTI 1353191)"
    },
    {
      "title": "IPCC (2006) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 2 Energy, ch. 1 Table 1.2 and ch. 2 Table 2.3",
      "url": "https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol2.html"
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00131-4",
      "title": "Channiwala, S.A., Parikh, P.P. (2002) A unified correlation for estimating HHV of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Fuel 81(8):1051-1063 (the LHV of the modelled (CH2)n feed)"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/plastic-pyrolysis-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [],
  "summary": "Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of raw (not upgraded) pyrolysis oil from sorted PE/PP waste: yield and process heat from a 2026 JRC review, electricity from a US company survey, part of the gas fired for heat. The oil is a steam-cracker feed after upgrading. No flowsheet; not reviewed.",
  "title": "Raw pyrolysis oil by continuous thermal pyrolysis of mixed polyolefin plastic waste",
  "validation": {
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": null
}