{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "per tonne of propylene oxide (the dataset's basis); no plant size"
  },
  "benchmarks": [
    {
      "dataset": "propylene-oxide-chlorohydrin-lime",
      "expression": "emission:CaCl2 / product:propylene-oxide",
      "family": "oxygenates",
      "kpi": "po-chlorohydrin-calcium-chloride",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "US",
          "technology": "conventional chlorohydrin process with lime slurry",
          "year": 1983
        },
        "id": "us4560451-po-cacl2",
        "note": "'Typically 2 tons' per ton of PO, a rounded value, recorded as a zero-width range.",
        "range": [
          2.0,
          2.0
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Nielsen, K.A. (Union Carbide Corp.) Electrolytic process for the production of alkene oxides. US patent 4,560,451, granted 1985-12-24",
          "kind": "other",
          "locator": "Description of the prior art",
          "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US4560451A/en"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Calcium chloride in the effluent per t of propylene oxide",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "propylene-oxide-chlorohydrin-lime",
      "expression": "output:dichloropropane / product:propylene-oxide",
      "family": "oxygenates",
      "kpi": "po-chlorohydrin-dcp",
      "no_open_reference": "No open source with a DCP figure independent of the dataset found (2026-11-05). US 4,560,451 (description of the prior art) gives 0.1 to 0.2 t per t for the conventional lime process, the dataset's own source, whose midpoint it takes. ANL/CNSV-9 (1980, Fig. 4.58) states no by-product; its chlorine and propylene figures imply about 0.58 t of by-products per t (README), which is a reading, not a stated value. The LVOC BREF 2017 section 2.1.2.8 gives no DCP figure.",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "1,2-Dichloropropane by-product per t of propylene oxide",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "propylene-oxide-chlorohydrin-lime",
      "expression": "feed:chlorine / product:propylene-oxide",
      "family": "oxygenates",
      "kpi": "po-chlorohydrin-specific-chlorine",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "US",
          "technology": "chlorohydrin process with lime",
          "year": 1976
        },
        "id": "anl-1980-po-chlorohydrin-chlorine",
        "note": "One value, 1.59 lb per lb of PO, recorded as a zero-width range and not widened. The report takes it from Brownstein (1976).",
        "range": [
          1.59,
          1.59
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Gaines, L.L. and Shen, S.Y. (1980) Energy and Materials Flows in the Production of Olefins and Their Derivatives. Argonne National Laboratory, ANL/CNSV-9, for the US Department of Energy",
          "kind": "government",
          "locator": "Section 4.3.2.2, Fig. 4.58, p. 154",
          "url": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7013430"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Chlorine consumption per t of propylene oxide, chlorohydrin process",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "propylene-oxide-chlorohydrin-lime",
      "expression": "feed:electricity / product:propylene-oxide",
      "family": "oxygenates",
      "kpi": "po-chlorohydrin-specific-electricity",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "US",
          "technology": "chlorohydrin process with lime",
          "year": 1976
        },
        "id": "anl-1980-po-chlorohydrin-energy",
        "note": "One value, 18,700 Btu per lb of PO, the figure's only process-energy input, labelled electricity, in primary terms at the report's 33 % generating efficiency (section 4.1, p. 71). Converted to delivered electricity: 18,700 x 0.33 Btu/lb x 2.326 kJ/kg per Btu/lb / 3.6 MJ/kWh = about 3,990 kWh/t, rounded. The figure shows no separate steam input although the process is steam-heated and steam-stripped (p. 151), so it may cover all utilities. The report takes it from Brownstein (1976).",
        "range": [
          3990,
          3990
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Gaines, L.L. and Shen, S.Y. (1980) Energy and Materials Flows in the Production of Olefins and Their Derivatives. Argonne National Laboratory, ANL/CNSV-9, for the US Department of Energy",
          "kind": "government",
          "locator": "Section 4.3.2.2, Fig. 4.58, p. 154",
          "url": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7013430"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Electricity per t of propylene oxide, chlorohydrin process",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "propylene-oxide-chlorohydrin-lime",
      "expression": "feed:propylene / product:propylene-oxide",
      "family": "oxygenates",
      "kpi": "po-chlorohydrin-specific-propylene",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "US",
          "technology": "chlorohydrin process with lime",
          "year": 1976
        },
        "id": "anl-1980-po-chlorohydrin-propylene",
        "note": "One value, 0.94 lb per lb of PO, recorded as a zero-width range and not widened. The report takes it from Brownstein (1976).",
        "range": [
          0.94,
          0.94
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Gaines, L.L. and Shen, S.Y. (1980) Energy and Materials Flows in the Production of Olefins and Their Derivatives. Argonne National Laboratory, ANL/CNSV-9, for the US Department of Energy",
          "kind": "government",
          "locator": "Section 4.3.2.2, Fig. 4.58, p. 154",
          "url": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7013430"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Propylene consumption per t of propylene oxide, chlorohydrin process",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "propylene-oxide-chlorohydrin-lime",
      "expression": "feed:steam / product:propylene-oxide",
      "family": "oxygenates",
      "kpi": "po-chlorohydrin-specific-steam",
      "no_open_reference": "No open source with a steam figure for the chlorohydrin process independent of the dataset found (2026-11-05). The IEA information paper (Saygin et al. 2009) gives 18.0 GJ/t as the Western European average for propylene oxide (Table 13, p. 51, route not named) and 14.2 GJ/t at best practice (Table 1, p. 15, estimated as 20 % below), that is 3944 to 5000 kWh/t; the dataset takes the average, so binding it would be transcription only. ANL/CNSV-9 (1980, Fig. 4.58) shows no steam input (see po-chlorohydrin-specific-electricity). The sensible heat of the brine, about 2322 kWh/t, is a lower bound by first principles, not a reference. Also read: LVOC BREF 2017 section 2.1.2.8 and US 4,560,451 (no energy figures).",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Steam (as heat) per t of propylene oxide, chlorohydrin process",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "propylene-oxide-chlorohydrin-lime",
      "expression": "output:wastewater / product:propylene-oxide",
      "family": "oxygenates",
      "kpi": "po-chlorohydrin-wastewater",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "US",
          "technology": "conventional chlorohydrin process with lime slurry",
          "year": 1983
        },
        "id": "us4560451-po-wastewater",
        "note": "'Typically' 43 tons per ton of PO, carrying the 2 t of calcium chloride; a single value.",
        "range": [
          43,
          43
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Nielsen, K.A. (Union Carbide Corp.) Electrolytic process for the production of alkene oxides. US patent 4,560,451, granted 1985-12-24",
          "kind": "other",
          "locator": "Description of the prior art",
          "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US4560451A/en"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Waste water per t of propylene oxide, chlorohydrin process",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    }
  ],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "propylene",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:propylene",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "chlorine",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:chlorine",
        "note": "linked to chlor-alkali-1 (lca/mappings.yaml)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "calcium-oxide",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:lime",
        "note": "quicklime, slaked to milk of lime on site; reading the source's lime as CaO is ASSUMED",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:water",
        "note": "ASSUMED: closes the water balance with the effluent",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "propylene-oxide",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:propylene-oxide",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "wastewater",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "output:wastewater",
        "note": "about 40 t/t; its calcium chloride is emission:CaCl2, the 1,2-dichloropropane by-product is output:dichloropropane",
        "role": "waste"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:electricity",
        "note": "IEA 2009 Western European average for propylene oxide, route not named (ASSUMED to apply)",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "steam",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:steam",
        "note": "counted as heat delivered; IEA 2009 Western European average for propylene oxide, route not named (ASSUMED to apply)",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "",
  "design_basis": null,
  "engineering": null,
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "fossil",
      "mineral"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "chemicals"
    ],
    "region": "generic",
    "unit_operations": [
      "reaction",
      "stripping",
      "distillation"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "oxygenates"
  ],
  "gap_count": 3,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "propylene-oxide-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Apropylene-oxide-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Apropylene-oxide-1&process=propylene-oxide-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Apropylene-oxide-1&process=propylene-oxide-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Apropylene-oxide-1&process=propylene-oxide-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Apropylene-oxide-1&process=propylene-oxide-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Apropylene-oxide-1&process=propylene-oxide-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Apropylene-oxide-1&process=propylene-oxide-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "propylene oxide",
    "methyloxirane",
    "chlorohydrin",
    "hypochlorination",
    "saponification",
    "lime",
    "calcium chloride",
    "dichloropropane"
  ],
  "lca": null,
  "lci_gaps": [
    {
      "dataset": "propylene-oxide-chlorohydrin-lime",
      "key": "feed:propylene",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "propylene-oxide-chlorohydrin-lime",
      "key": "output:dichloropropane",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "output"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "propylene-oxide-chlorohydrin-lime",
      "key": "output:lime-residue",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "output"
    }
  ],
  "maintainers": [],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": true,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174",
    "previews": null,
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "doi": "10.2760/77304",
      "title": "Falcke, H. et al. (2017) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Large Volume Organic Chemicals. JRC Science for Policy Report EUR 28882 EN (JRC109279), section 2.1.2.8 and Table 2.5"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gaines, L.L. and Shen, S.Y. (1980) Energy and Materials Flows in the Production of Olefins and Their Derivatives. Argonne National Laboratory, ANL/CNSV-9 (US DOE), section 4.3.2.2 and Fig. 4.58",
      "url": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7013430"
    },
    {
      "title": "Nielsen, K.A. (Union Carbide Corp.) Electrolytic process for the production of alkene oxides. US patent 4,560,451 (1985), description of the prior art",
      "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US4560451A/en"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saygin, D., Patel, M.K., Tam, C., Gielen, D.J. (2009) Chemical and Petrochemical Sector: Potential of best practice technology and other measures for improving energy efficiency. IEA Information Paper, OECD/IEA, Tables 1 and 13",
      "url": "https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/c2d071e4-4142-44f1-8a41-88ece29be439/ChemicalandPetrochemicalSector.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/propylene-oxide-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [],
  "summary": "Tier 0 screening per tonne of propylene oxide: stoichiometry with a patent's dichloropropane range, older US lime use, the LVOC BREF's effluent, and the IEA's Western European electricity and steam averages for propylene oxide (route not named). No flowsheet; not reviewed.",
  "title": "Propylene oxide by the chlorohydrin process with lime",
  "validation": {
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": null
}