{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "per tonne of crude oil (atmospheric dataset) and per tonne of atmospheric residue (vacuum dataset); no plant size"
  },
  "benchmarks": [
    {
      "dataset": "atmospheric-residue-vacuum-distillation",
      "expression": "(feed:fuel + feed:electricity) / feed:atmospheric-residue",
      "family": "refining",
      "kpi": "vdu-heat-and-power",
      "no_open_reference": "No open per-tonne range independent of the dataset found (2026-11-05). The REF BREF ranges (Table 3.77) are the dataset's own source. US DOE (2007, Table 2-2) states 51 to 113 thousand Btu per barrel of vacuum feed; per tonne it needs a density, a modelling step (file comment).",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Furnace fuel and electricity per t of vacuum feed, vacuum unit",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "atmospheric-residue-vacuum-distillation",
      "expression": "emission:CO2 / feed:atmospheric-residue",
      "family": "refining",
      "kpi": "vdu-specific-co2",
      "problem": "1 to kg/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "EU",
          "technology": "vacuum distillation"
        },
        "id": "bref-ref-vdu-co2-plant",
        "note": "One EU plant's load (TOTAL Mitteldeutschland, 4.5 Mt/yr of atmospheric residue, 182 252 t/yr CO2), calculated by the source, which gives only limit values for this plant and none for CO2; a zero-width range, not widened.",
        "range": [
          41,
          41
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Barthe, P., Chaugny, M., Roudier, S., Delgado Sancho, L. (2015) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas. JRC Science and Policy Report EUR 27140 EN, doi:10.2791/010758",
          "kind": "bref",
          "locator": "Section 3.19, Table 3.78, p. 208",
          "url": "https://aida.ineris.fr/sites/default/files/documents-bref/REF_BREF_2015.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Direct CO2 per t of vacuum feed, vacuum unit",
      "unit": "kg/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "atmospheric-residue-vacuum-distillation",
      "expression": "feed:electricity / feed:atmospheric-residue",
      "family": "refining",
      "kpi": "vdu-specific-electricity",
      "no_open_reference": "No open per-tonne range independent of the dataset found (2026-11-05). The REF BREF range (Table 3.77, 1.5 to 4.5 kWh/t) is the dataset's own source; US DOE (2007, Table 3-6) gives one value per barrel (1.2 thousand Btu/bbl).",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Electricity per t of vacuum feed, vacuum unit",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "crude-atmospheric-distillation",
      "expression": "(feed:fuel + feed:electricity) / feed:crude-oil",
      "family": "refining",
      "kpi": "cdu-heat-and-power",
      "no_open_reference": "No open per-tonne range independent of the dataset found (2026-11-05). The REF BREF ranges (Table 3.77) are the dataset's own source. US DOE (2007, Table 2-2) states 82 to 186 thousand Btu per barrel; per tonne it needs a crude density, a modelling step (file comment).",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Furnace fuel and electricity per t of crude oil, atmospheric unit",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "crude-atmospheric-distillation",
      "expression": "emission:CO2 / feed:crude-oil",
      "family": "refining",
      "kpi": "cdu-specific-co2",
      "problem": "1 to kg/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "EU",
          "technology": "atmospheric crude distillation"
        },
        "id": "bref-ref-cdu-co2-plant",
        "note": "One EU plant's load (TOTAL Mitteldeutschland, 8.5 Mt/yr, 220 927 t/yr CO2), calculated by the source, which gives only limit values for this plant and none for CO2; a zero-width range, not widened.",
        "range": [
          26,
          26
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Barthe, P., Chaugny, M., Roudier, S., Delgado Sancho, L. (2015) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas. JRC Science and Policy Report EUR 27140 EN, doi:10.2791/010758",
          "kind": "bref",
          "locator": "Section 3.19, Table 3.78, p. 208",
          "url": "https://aida.ineris.fr/sites/default/files/documents-bref/REF_BREF_2015.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Direct CO2 per t of crude oil, atmospheric unit",
      "unit": "kg/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "crude-atmospheric-distillation",
      "expression": "feed:electricity / feed:crude-oil",
      "family": "refining",
      "kpi": "cdu-specific-electricity",
      "no_open_reference": "No open per-tonne range independent of the dataset found (2026-11-05). The REF BREF range (Table 3.77, 4 to 6 kWh/t) is the dataset's own source; US DOE (2007, Table 3-5) gives one value per barrel (2.3 thousand Btu/bbl).",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Electricity per t of crude oil, atmospheric unit",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "crude-atmospheric-distillation",
      "expression": "feed:fuel / feed:crude-oil",
      "family": "refining",
      "kpi": "cdu-specific-fuel",
      "no_open_reference": "No open range independent of the dataset found (2026-11-05). The REF BREF range (Table 3.77, 400 to 680 MJ/t) is the dataset's own source. US DOE (2007) gives fuel and power together per barrel only.",
      "problem": "kWh/kg to kWh/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": null,
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Furnace fuel (LHV) per t of crude oil, atmospheric unit",
      "unit": "kWh/t",
      "value": null
    }
  ],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "crude-oil",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:crude-oil",
        "note": "desalted; Johan Sverdrup type (28.7 API, 0.81 wt% S), the crude of the assay",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "atmospheric-residue",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:atmospheric-residue",
        "note": "the vacuum dataset's feed, linked to this process's atmospheric dataset (lca/mappings.yaml)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:water",
        "note": "water carried with the desalted crude, 0.5 % on crude (REF BREF 3.19, overhead reflux drum)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "gas-oil",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:gas-oil",
        "note": "240 to 360 degC, light and heavy gas oil (the assay gives 0.49 wt% S for its 230 to 375 degC cut, the sulfur hydrotreating-1 takes). Main product for the catalog label only: every cut is an unallocated co-product",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "refinery-fuel-gas",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:refinery-gas",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "liquefied-petroleum-gas",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:lpg",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "naphtha",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:naphtha",
        "note": "C5 to 180 degC, unstabilised",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "kerosene",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:kerosene",
        "note": "180 to 240 degC",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "atmospheric-residue",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:atmospheric-residue",
        "note": "above 360 degC, the vacuum unit's feed",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "vacuum-gas-oil",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:vacuum-gas-oil",
        "note": "360 to 560 degC (cut point ASSUMED); the assay gives 1.00 wt% S, 931 kg/m3 and UOP K 11.8 for its 375 to 565 degC cut, the sulfur hydrocracking-1 takes",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "vacuum-residue",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:vacuum-residue",
        "note": "above 560 degC",
        "role": "co-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "carbon-dioxide",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "emission:CO2",
        "note": "furnace flue gas, IPCC refinery gas default",
        "role": "emission"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "wastewater",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "output:wastewater",
        "note": "sour water",
        "role": "waste"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:electricity",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "steam",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:steam",
        "note": "stripping and ejector steam by mass; pressure not stated by the source",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "cooling-water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "output:cooling-water",
        "note": "heat rejected, from the sourced flow at a 17 K rise",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "",
  "design_basis": null,
  "engineering": null,
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "fossil"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "fuels",
      "chemicals"
    ],
    "region": "EU",
    "unit_operations": [
      "distillation",
      "combustion"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "refining"
  ],
  "gap_count": 4,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "refinery-distillation-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Arefinery-distillation-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Arefinery-distillation-1&process=refinery-distillation-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Arefinery-distillation-1&process=refinery-distillation-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Arefinery-distillation-1&process=refinery-distillation-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Arefinery-distillation-1&process=refinery-distillation-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Arefinery-distillation-1&process=refinery-distillation-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Arefinery-distillation-1&process=refinery-distillation-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "crude oil",
    "crude distillation unit",
    "CDU",
    "vacuum distillation",
    "high vacuum unit",
    "HVU",
    "naphtha",
    "kerosene",
    "gas oil",
    "vacuum gas oil",
    "atmospheric residue",
    "vacuum residue",
    "refinery"
  ],
  "lca": null,
  "lci_gaps": [
    {
      "dataset": "atmospheric-residue-vacuum-distillation",
      "key": "feed:fuel",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "crude-atmospheric-distillation",
      "key": "feed:crude-oil",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "crude-atmospheric-distillation",
      "key": "feed:fuel",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "crude-atmospheric-distillation",
      "key": "output:sludge",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "output"
    }
  ],
  "maintainers": [],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": true,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174",
    "previews": null,
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "doi": "10.2791/010758",
      "title": "Barthe, P., Chaugny, M., Roudier, S., Delgado Sancho, L. (2015) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas. JRC Science and Policy Report EUR 27140 EN (JRC94879), sections 2.19 and 3.19"
    },
    {
      "title": "TotalEnergies, crude oil data sheet Johan Sverdrup (assay of 1 April 2021, sheet July 2021), manufacturer literature",
      "url": "https://trading.totalenergies.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/JOHAN-SVERDRUP.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 2 Energy, ch. 1 (Tables 1.2 and 1.4) and ch. 2 (Table 2.2)",
      "url": "https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_2_Ch2_Stationary_Combustion.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "US DOE (2007) Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Petroleum Refining Industry, prepared by Energetics, Tables 2-2, 3-5 and 3-6 (benchmarks only)",
      "url": "https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/profile.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/refinery-distillation-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [],
  "summary": "Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of crude oil (atmospheric unit) and per tonne of atmospheric residue (vacuum unit): cut yields from one public crude assay, utilities as midpoints of REF BREF ranges, furnace emissions from IPCC defaults. All cuts unallocated co-products. No flowsheet; not reviewed.",
  "title": "Crude oil distillation, atmospheric and vacuum (crude and high vacuum units)",
  "validation": {
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": null
}