{
  "authors": [],
  "basis": {
    "capacity": "per tonne of vinyl chloride monomer (the dataset's basis); no plant size"
  },
  "benchmarks": [
    {
      "dataset": "vcm-balanced-oxygen",
      "expression": "emission:CO2 / product:vinyl-chloride",
      "family": "chlorinated-organics",
      "kpi": "vcm-direct-co2",
      "problem": "1 to t/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "EU",
          "technology": "balanced EDC process with integrated VCM plant; plant data of the 2003 LVOC BREF"
        },
        "id": "ipcc-2006-vcm-balanced-co2",
        "note": "Tier 1 default for the balanced process, 0.0083 non-combustion vent plus 0.286 combustion (furnace fuel and the incineration of process waste gas with support fuel; flares excluded). One value, recorded as a zero-width range and not widened.",
        "range": [
          0.294,
          0.294
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 3 Industrial Processes and Product Use, ch. 3 Chemical Industry Emissions",
          "kind": "government",
          "locator": "Section 3.9.2.2, Table 3.17, p. 3.77",
          "url": "https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_3_Ch3_Chemical_Industry.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Direct CO2 (furnaces, vent treatment, process vent) per t of VCM",
      "unit": "t/t",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "vcm-balanced-oxygen",
      "expression": "feed:ethylene / product:vinyl-chloride",
      "family": "chlorinated-organics",
      "kpi": "vcm-specific-ethylene",
      "problem": "1 to kg/kg needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "EU",
          "technology": "balanced EDC process with integrated VCM plant; plant data of the 2003 LVOC BREF"
        },
        "id": "ipcc-2006-vcm-balanced-ethylene",
        "note": "One Tier 1 default for the balanced process, recorded as a zero-width range and not widened. IPCC took it from the 2003 LVOC BREF.",
        "range": [
          0.47,
          0.47
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 3 Industrial Processes and Product Use, ch. 3 Chemical Industry Emissions",
          "kind": "government",
          "locator": "Section 3.9.2.2, Table 3.18, p. 3.77",
          "url": "https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_3_Ch3_Chemical_Industry.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Ethylene consumption per t of VCM",
      "unit": "kg/kg",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "vcm-balanced-oxygen",
      "expression": "feed:oxygen / product:vinyl-chloride",
      "family": "chlorinated-organics",
      "kpi": "vcm-specific-oxygen",
      "problem": "1 to kg/kg needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "EU",
          "technology": "balanced EDC/VCM unit"
        },
        "id": "bref-lvoc-vcm-oxygen",
        "note": "Our reading is that the oxygen figure belongs to oxygen-based oxychlorination and the 0.73 kg/kg air figure of the same table to air-based units; the source does not say so explicitly.",
        "range": [
          0.13,
          0.14
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Falcke, H. et al. (2017) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Large Volume Organic Chemicals. JRC Science for Policy Report EUR 28882 EN, doi:10.2760/77304",
          "kind": "bref",
          "locator": "Section 11.3.3, Table 11.12, p. 506",
          "url": "https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/JRC109279_LVOC_Bref.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Oxygen consumption per t of VCM (oxygen-based oxychlorination)",
      "unit": "kg/kg",
      "value": null
    },
    {
      "dataset": "vcm-balanced-oxygen",
      "expression": "output:residues / product:vinyl-chloride",
      "family": "chlorinated-organics",
      "kpi": "vcm-specific-residues",
      "problem": "1 to kg/t needs core's foundation.units (pip install 'cheme-as-code[units]')",
      "reference": {
        "basis": "unallocated",
        "conditions": {
          "region": "EU",
          "technology": "balanced EDC/VCM unit"
        },
        "id": "bref-lvoc-vcm-residues",
        "note": "Questionnaire values of the BREF review; the source says most plants are below 30 kg/t.",
        "range": [
          20,
          62
        ],
        "source": {
          "accessed": "2026-11-05",
          "citation": "Falcke, H. et al. (2017) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Large Volume Organic Chemicals. JRC Science for Policy Report EUR 28882 EN, doi:10.2760/77304",
          "kind": "bref",
          "locator": "Section 11.3.6, p. 508",
          "url": "https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/JRC109279_LVOC_Bref.pdf"
        }
      },
      "status": "unchecked",
      "title": "Light and heavy residues of EDC/VCM purification per t of VCM",
      "unit": "kg/t",
      "value": null
    }
  ],
  "chemistry": {
    "inputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "ethylene",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:ethylene",
        "note": "linked to ethylene-1 (lca/mappings.yaml)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "chlorine",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:chlorine",
        "note": "linked to chlor-alkali-1 (lca/mappings.yaml); EDC/VCM units are usually integrated with chlorine production",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "oxygen",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:oxygen",
        "note": "oxygen-based oxychlorination; linked to asu-1 GOX (lca/mappings.yaml)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "methane",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:natural-gas",
        "note": "natural gas to the EDC cracker furnaces, taken as pure methane (ASSUMED)",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "air",
        "grade": null,
        "note": "combustion air of the furnaces and the vent treatment, free; its O2 is feed:O2",
        "role": "feedstock"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:water",
        "note": "ASSUMED: the effluent less the water formed by oxychlorination",
        "role": "feedstock"
      }
    ],
    "outputs": [
      {
        "chemical": "vinyl-chloride",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "product:vinyl-chloride",
        "role": "main-product"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "carbon-dioxide",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "emission:CO2",
        "role": "emission"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "water",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "emission:H2O",
        "note": "combustion water vapour",
        "role": "emission"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "wastewater",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "output:wastewater",
        "role": "waste"
      }
    ],
    "utilities": [
      {
        "chemical": "electricity",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:electricity",
        "role": "utility"
      },
      {
        "chemical": "steam",
        "grade": null,
        "inventory_key": "feed:steam",
        "note": "counted as heat delivered, gross of heat recovery",
        "role": "utility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "",
  "design_basis": null,
  "engineering": null,
  "facets": {
    "feedstock_basis": [
      "fossil"
    ],
    "product_classes": [
      "chemicals"
    ],
    "region": "EU",
    "unit_operations": [
      "reaction",
      "distillation",
      "pyrolysis"
    ]
  },
  "families": [
    "chlorinated-organics"
  ],
  "gap_count": 5,
  "gates": null,
  "id": "vcm-1",
  "issues": {
    "closed_count": 0,
    "list_url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20label%3A%22process%3Avcm-1%22",
    "new": {
      "action": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=1-action-item.yml&labels=process%3Avcm-1&process=vcm-1",
      "change": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=4-design-change.yml&labels=process%3Avcm-1&process=vcm-1",
      "hold": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=2-engineering-hold.yml&labels=process%3Avcm-1&process=vcm-1",
      "process": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=6-process-development.yml&labels=process%3Avcm-1&process=vcm-1",
      "tq": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=3-technical-query.yml&labels=process%3Avcm-1&process=vcm-1",
      "tracker": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library/issues/new?template=7-process-tracker.yml&labels=process%3Avcm-1&process=vcm-1"
    },
    "open": [],
    "open_by_gate": {},
    "open_count": 0,
    "private": false,
    "repository": "ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "vinyl chloride",
    "VCM",
    "EDC",
    "1,2-dichloroethane",
    "direct chlorination",
    "oxychlorination",
    "EDC cracking",
    "balanced process",
    "PVC"
  ],
  "lca": null,
  "lci_gaps": [
    {
      "dataset": "vcm-balanced-oxygen",
      "key": "input:catalyst",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "input"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "vcm-balanced-oxygen",
      "key": "output:spent-catalyst",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "output"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "vcm-balanced-oxygen",
      "key": "output:residues",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "output"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "vcm-balanced-oxygen",
      "key": "output:cracker-coke",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "output"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "vcm-balanced-oxygen",
      "key": "output:sludge",
      "link": "technosphere",
      "type": "output"
    }
  ],
  "maintainers": [],
  "maturity": "concept",
  "preliminary": true,
  "provenance": {
    "library_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174",
    "previews": null,
    "previews_stale": false,
    "source_commit": "a3c52e472f42fbc8cdacfeacf5ef28703c004174"
  },
  "publication": {
    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "status": "public"
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "doi": "10.2760/77304",
      "title": "Falcke, H. et al. (2017) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Large Volume Organic Chemicals. JRC Science for Policy Report EUR 28882 EN (JRC109279), chapter 11"
    },
    {
      "title": "IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 3 Industrial Processes and Product Use, chapter 3 Chemical Industry Emissions, section 3.9 (Tables 3.17 to 3.19)",
      "url": "https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_3_Ch3_Chemical_Industry.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/447 of 12 March 2021, Annex (EU ETS product benchmark for VCM), with the definition in Annex I of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/331",
      "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2021/447/oj"
    }
  ],
  "repository": {
    "access": "public",
    "path": "processes/vcm-1",
    "url": "https://github.com/ChemE-as-Code/process-library"
  },
  "representations": [],
  "summary": "Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of VCM: ethylene, chlorine, fuel, steam and power from EU LVOC BREF ranges, oxygen and residues from stoichiometry, vent CO2 and combustion CH4 from IPCC 2006. No flowsheet; not reviewed.",
  "title": "Vinyl chloride monomer by the balanced EDC process (direct chlorination and oxygen-based oxychlorination)",
  "validation": {
    "status": "unreviewed"
  },
  "viewer": null
}