mixture

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

Propane and butanes (C3 and C4) from crude distillation, other refinery units or natural gas processing; from a cracker it also carries propylene and butylenes (processes/fcc-1 records the C3/C4 split of its source on the exchange). Composition by source. No composition recorded yet: one goes in only with its source (docs/registry.md, Fuel mixtures).

Show in the process graph →

Made by

Catalytic reforming of naphtha with continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR)Co-productConcept · not reviewed
Fluid catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil (full-combustion regenerator)Co-productConcept · not reviewed
Crude oil distillation, atmospheric and vacuum (crude and high vacuum units)Co-productConcept · not reviewed

Used by

No process in the Atlas uses this yet.

When a process with this chemical is added to the library, it appears here.

Routes compared

All 3 ways to make Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), with filters →

Not comparable as they standSystem boundary: differs; Data quality (TfS DQR): not stated by every route; Reference product (grade, state): not stated by every route. The rows say which route each warning concerns.

Per 1 kg of Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): inventory from each route's LCI dataset, unallocated; footprints per the functional unit of their own LCA.

Route	Tier, design maturity, review status	Geography, year	Energy	Footprint	Comparability
Catalytic reforming of naphtha with continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR)low-pressure (3.5 to 10 bar) moving-bed reforming over Pt-Sn/alumina with continuous catalyst regeneration; semi-regenerative and cyclic units are not modelled	Tier 1 (sourced conceptual)Design maturity: Concept (research)Not independently reviewedDataset review: unreviewed	RER, 2010	a co-product of a multi-output dataset (product:reformate, product:hydrogen, product:fuel-gas besides it): its share needs the allocation of the LCI database build	no footprint	Reference product (grade, state): states no product System boundary: boundary is gate-to-gate: charge heater and interheaters, three to four moving-bed reactors, continuous regenerator, separators, recontacting and debutaniser; naphtha hydrotreating upstream is not included; fuel and power from outside; the routes state gate-to-gate: charge heater and interheaters, three to four moving-bed reactors, continuous regenerator, separators, recontacting and debutaniser; naphtha hydrotreating upstream is not included; fuel and power from outside, gate-to-gate: feed preheat, riser reactor, catalyst stripper, regenerator with waste heat or CO boiler, main fractionator, wet gas compressor and gas plant; steam, power and fuel from outside; flue-gas abatement of the regenerator included only as far as the BREF's emission data include it, gate-to-gate: preheat furnace, atmospheric column, side strippers, overhead condensing; desalting, naphtha stabilisation and sour water stripping are outside; steam and power from outside Data quality (TfS DQR): states no data quality rating (TfS DQR)
Fluid catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil (full-combustion regenerator)fluid catalytic cracking on zeolite catalyst, single-stage regenerator in full combustion (typical for vacuum distillate feeds, BREF section 2.5); residue cracking (RCC), partial combustion and propylene-maximising variants are not modelled	Tier 1 (sourced conceptual)Design maturity: Concept (research)Not independently reviewedDataset review: unreviewed	GLO, 2010	a co-product of a multi-output dataset (product:gasoline, product:dry-gas, product:light-cycle-oil, product:heavy-cycle-oil besides it): its share needs the allocation of the LCI database build	no footprint	Reference product (grade, state): states no product System boundary: boundary is gate-to-gate: feed preheat, riser reactor, catalyst stripper, regenerator with waste heat or CO boiler, main fractionator, wet gas compressor and gas plant; steam, power and fuel from outside; flue-gas abatement of the regenerator included only as far as the BREF's emission data include it; the routes state gate-to-gate: charge heater and interheaters, three to four moving-bed reactors, continuous regenerator, separators, recontacting and debutaniser; naphtha hydrotreating upstream is not included; fuel and power from outside, gate-to-gate: feed preheat, riser reactor, catalyst stripper, regenerator with waste heat or CO boiler, main fractionator, wet gas compressor and gas plant; steam, power and fuel from outside; flue-gas abatement of the regenerator included only as far as the BREF's emission data include it, gate-to-gate: preheat furnace, atmospheric column, side strippers, overhead condensing; desalting, naphtha stabilisation and sour water stripping are outside; steam and power from outside Data quality (TfS DQR): states no data quality rating (TfS DQR)
Crude oil distillation, atmospheric and vacuum (crude and high vacuum units)atmospheric crude distillation at 0.5 to 1 barg with steam stripping (REF BREF 2.19); one crude assay	Tier 1 (sourced conceptual)Design maturity: Concept (research)Not independently reviewedDataset review: unreviewed	RER, 2001	a co-product of a multi-output dataset (product:refinery-gas, product:naphtha, product:kerosene, product:gas-oil, product:atmospheric-residue besides it): its share needs the allocation of the LCI database build	no footprint	Reference product (grade, state): states no product System boundary: boundary is gate-to-gate: preheat furnace, atmospheric column, side strippers, overhead condensing; desalting, naphtha stabilisation and sour water stripping are outside; steam and power from outside; the routes state gate-to-gate: charge heater and interheaters, three to four moving-bed reactors, continuous regenerator, separators, recontacting and debutaniser; naphtha hydrotreating upstream is not included; fuel and power from outside, gate-to-gate: feed preheat, riser reactor, catalyst stripper, regenerator with waste heat or CO boiler, main fractionator, wet gas compressor and gas plant; steam, power and fuel from outside; flue-gas abatement of the regenerator included only as far as the BREF's emission data include it, gate-to-gate: preheat furnace, atmospheric column, side strippers, overhead condensing; desalting, naphtha stabilisation and sour water stripping are outside; steam and power from outside Data quality (TfS DQR): states no data quality rating (TfS DQR)

How comparability is checked

Allocation: same (same allocation method: energy)
Background data (impacts): not applicable (same background data and boundary behind the impact numbers (only routes with a footprint))
System boundary: differs (same system boundary of the inventory (the dataset's boundary): gate-to-gate: charge heater and interheaters, three to four moving-bed reactors, continuous regenerator, separators, recontacting and debutaniser; naphtha hydrotreating upstream is not included; fuel and power from outside, gate-to-gate: feed preheat, riser reactor, catalyst stripper, regenerator with waste heat or CO boiler, main fractionator, wet gas compressor and gas plant; steam, power and fuel from outside; flue-gas abatement of the regenerator included only as far as the BREF's emission data include it, gate-to-gate: preheat furnace, atmospheric column, side strippers, overhead condensing; desalting, naphtha stabilisation and sour water stripping are outside; steam and power from outside)
Data quality (TfS DQR): not stated by every route (data quality: every route states a TfS DQR, none more than 1 above the best)
Functional unit: same (same functional unit (amount and unit of the reference product): 1 kg)
Reference product (grade, state): not stated by every route (same reference product: registry grade and state)
System model: same (same system model (docs/system-model.md): cutoff)

ISO 14044 requires a critical review (by a panel of interested parties, ISO/TS 14071) of a comparative assertion intended to be disclosed to the public. These routes are listed side by side for screening; a statement that one is better than another needs that review. None of these routes has had such a review.