| 2Al(OH)3→givesAl2O3+3H2OHydrate calcination | Alumina by the Bayer process (3000 t/d smelter-grade alumina, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2C2H2+5O2→gives4CO2+2H2O | Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2C2H2O→givesC2H4+2CO | Acetic anhydride by the ketene route (acetic acid cracking, 50 kt/a, concept) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| 2C2H4+2HCl+3O2→gives2CH3Cl+2CO2+2H2O | Acetaldehyde by the one-stage Wacker oxidation of ethylene (100 kt/a) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| 2C2H4+H2O⇌in equilibrium withC4H10O | Ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene (100 000 t/a anhydrous, phosphoric acid catalyst) | ReversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| 2C2H4+O2→gives2C2H4OPartial oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide (silver catalyst) | Ethylene glycol by ethylene oxide hydration (glycols-only EO/EG plant, 1200 t/d MEG) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourcedTemplate |
| 2C2H4+O2→gives2C2H4OEthylene + Oxygen → Acetaldehyde | Acetaldehyde by the one-stage Wacker oxidation of ethylene (100 kt/a) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| 2C2H4→givesC4H8 | Ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene (100 000 t/a anhydrous, phosphoric acid catalyst) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| 2C2H4O→givesC4H6O+H2O | Acetaldehyde by the one-stage Wacker oxidation of ethylene (100 kt/a) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| 2C2H6+7O2→gives4CO2+6H2OCombustion of ethane | Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop), Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept), Hydrogen by natural-gas steam methane reforming with PSA (100 000 Nm3/h, steam export) and 1 more | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2C2H6→givesC3H8+CH4 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleTemplate |
| 2C2H6→givesC4H10+H2 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 2C2H6→givesC4H6+3H2 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 2C2H6→givesC4H8+2H2 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 2C4H10O2→givesC8H18O3+H2O | Tetrahydrofuran from 1,4-butanediol (50 kt/a, cyclodehydration and pressure-swing distillation) | IrreversibleCatalystSourced |
| 2C4H2+9O2→gives8CO2+2H2O | Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2C4H8→givesC8H16 | Isobutene by MTBE cracking (50 kt/a, gas-phase cleavage) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| 2NH3+H2O2+2C4H8O→givesC8H16N2+4H2O | Hydrazine hydrate by the peroxide process (PCUK, methyl ethyl ketazine route, 16 kt/a) | IrreversibleCatalystSourced |
| 2C6H5NO2+6H2→givesC12H11N+NH3+4H2O | Aniline by adiabatic gas-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (25 t/h) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| 2C6H6+15O2→gives12CO2+6H2O | Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2C6H6⇌in equilibrium withC12H10+H2 | Toluene hydrodealkylation to benzene (100 kt/a, thermal HDA) | ReversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| 2C9H12+O2→gives2C9H12O | Acetone and phenol from cumene (cumene hydroperoxide route, 200 kt/a phenol) | IrreversibleSourced |
| 2CH2O+O2→gives2CO+2H2O | Formaldehyde by methanol oxidation over iron molybdate (Formox type, 20 t/h formalin 50 wt%) | IrreversibleCatalystSourced |
| 2CH4+2NH3+3O2→gives2CHN+6H2O | Solid sodium cyanide from Andrussow HCN (6.25 t/h, 50 kt/a) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourcedTemplate |
| 2CH4+O2→gives2CO+4H2 | Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2CH4→givesC2H2+3H2 | Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2CH4N2O⇌in equilibrium withC2H5N3O2+NH3 | Urea by CO2 stripping, total recycle, prilling (2000 t/d, concept) | ReversibleSourced |
| 2CH4O+3O2→gives2CO2+4H2O | Formaldehyde by methanol oxidation over iron molybdate (Formox type, 20 t/h formalin 50 wt%), Formic acid 85 wt% by methanol carbonylation and methyl formate hydrolysis (50 kt/a) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourced |
| 2CH4O+O2→gives2CH2O+2H2O | Formaldehyde by methanol oxidation over iron molybdate (Formox type, 20 t/h formalin 50 wt%) | IrreversibleCatalystSourcedTemplate |
| 2CH4O→givesC2H6O+H2O | Chloromethane from methanol and hydrogen chloride (gas-phase hydrochlorination, 100 kt/a), Formaldehyde by methanol oxidation over iron molybdate (Formox type, 20 t/h formalin 50 wt%), Isobutene by MTBE cracking (50 kt/a, gas-phase cleavage) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| 2NaHCO3+H2SO4→givesNa2SO4+2CO2+2H2ONeutralisation of the brine alkalinity by the acid (R-101) | Iodine from natural iodide brine by chlorine oxidation, air blowing-out and SO2 absorption (1000 t/a) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2NaHCO3→givesNa2CO3+CO2+H2OBicarbonate calcination (steam calciner) | Soda ash by the Solvay ammonia-soda process (1000 t/d light ash, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| C2H6+2H2O⇌in equilibrium with2CO+5H2 | Hydrogen by natural-gas steam methane reforming with PSA (100 000 Nm3/h, steam export) | ReversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| 2CO+O2→gives2CO2CO burn-off at the charge surface and in the hood | Acetic anhydride by the ketene route (acetic acid cracking, 50 kt/a, concept), Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product), Formaldehyde by methanol oxidation over iron molybdate (Formox type, 20 t/h formalin 50 wt%) and 5 more | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| 2Na2S+2CO2+3O2→gives2Na2CO3+2SO2Sulfur release as SO2 to the flue gas | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| 2H2+O2⇌in equilibrium with2H2OCombustion of the oxygen in the chlorine feed with excess hydrogen | Hydrogen chloride synthesis burner and absorption (33 wt-% hydrochloric acid, steam recovery) | ReversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2H2+O2→gives2H2O | Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product), Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop), Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) and 3 more | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| 2K2MnO4+2H2O→gives2KMnO4+2KOH+H2Anodic oxidation of manganate to permanganate (overall cell reaction) | Potassium permanganate from MnO2 ore by KOH roasting and electrolysis (1250 kg/h, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2NaCl+2H2O→givesCl2+H2+2NaOHChlor-alkali electrolysis (overall cell reaction) | Chlor-alkali by membrane-cell electrolysis (100 kt/a Cl2, 50 wt-% caustic soda, hydrogen) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| 4NO+3O2+2H2O→gives4HNO3 | Hydroxylammonium sulfate by catalytic NO hydrogenation (30 kt/a NH2OH, 25 wt% solution), Weak nitric acid by dual-pressure ammonia oxidation (1000 t/d HNO3 as 60 wt% acid) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 4NO2+O2+2H2O→gives4HNO3 | Weak nitric acid by dual-pressure ammonia oxidation (1000 t/d HNO3 as 60 wt% acid) | Irreversible |
| I2+SO2+2H2O→gives2HI+H2SO4Reduction of the blown-out iodine by sulfur dioxide (T-202) | Iodine from natural iodide brine by chlorine oxidation, air blowing-out and SO2 absorption (1000 t/a) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| NaAlO2+2H2O→givesAl(OH)3+NaOHSeeded gibbsite precipitation | Alumina by the Bayer process (3000 t/d smelter-grade alumina, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2H2O→gives2H2+O2Anodic oxygen from back-migrated hydroxide (net water electrolysis) | Chlor-alkali by membrane-cell electrolysis (100 kt/a Cl2, 50 wt-% caustic soda, hydrogen), Potassium permanganate from MnO2 ore by KOH roasting and electrolysis (1250 kg/h, concept) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| 2H2O2→gives2H2O+O2Peroxide decomposition | Hydrazine hydrate by the peroxide process (PCUK, methyl ethyl ketazine route, 16 kt/a), Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| H2+Br2⇌in equilibrium with2HBrHydrogen bromide synthesis (bromine vapour burnt in hydrogen) | Hydrogen bromide synthesis burner with catalytic finishing and absorption (48 wt-% hydrobromic acid) | ReversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| H2+Cl2⇌in equilibrium with2HClHydrogen chloride synthesis (chlorine burnt in hydrogen) | Hydrogen chloride synthesis burner and absorption (33 wt-% hydrochloric acid, steam recovery) | ReversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| Na2CO3+2HCl→gives2NaCl+H2O+CO2Neutralisation of excess carbonate with hydrochloric acid | Chlor-alkali by membrane-cell electrolysis (100 kt/a Cl2, 50 wt-% caustic soda, hydrogen) | Irreversible |
| SiO2+2KOH→givesK2SiO3+H2OAttack of silica gangue by KOH (alkali loss) | Potassium permanganate from MnO2 ore by KOH roasting and electrolysis (1250 kg/h, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 2LIG+2NaOH+O2→gives2NaOXL+2H2OOxidative lignin dissolution in the O2 stage | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| 2N2O→gives2N2+O2 | Weak nitric acid by dual-pressure ammonia oxidation (1000 t/d HNO3 as 60 wt% acid) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourced |
| 2NaEXT+53O2→givesNa2CO3+39CO2+29H2OCombustion of resin soap | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| SO2+2NaOH→givesNa2SO3+H2O | Thionyl chloride from sulfur, chlorine and SO2 over activated carbon (3.75 t/h) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 2NaOH→givesNa2O+H2OOccluded soda fixed as Na2O in the calciner | Alumina by the Bayer process (3000 t/d smelter-grade alumina, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 2NaISA+12O2→givesNa2CO3+11CO2+11H2OCombustion of sodium isosaccharinate | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| 2NaLIG+23O2→givesNa2CO3+19CO2+11H2OCombustion of sodium lignate | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| 2NaOXL+22O2→givesNa2CO3+19CO2+11H2OCombustion of oxidised sodium lignate | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| 2NH3+2O2→givesN2O+3H2OAmmonia oxidation to nitrous oxide (side reaction) | Hydroxylammonium sulfate by catalytic NO hydrogenation (30 kt/a NH2OH, 25 wt% solution), Weak nitric acid by dual-pressure ammonia oxidation (1000 t/d HNO3 as 60 wt% acid), Sodium nitrite from ammonia oxidation and soda absorption (with sodium nitrate by inversion) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourced |
| N2+3H2⇌in equilibrium with2NH3 | Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop) | ReversibleCatalystSourcedTemplate |
| 2NH3→givesN2+3H2 | Solid sodium cyanide from Andrussow HCN (6.25 t/h, 50 kt/a) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourcedTemplate |
| 2NO+O2⇌in equilibrium with2NO2Oxidation of nitric oxide (oxidation volume and tower gas spaces) | Weak nitric acid by dual-pressure ammonia oxidation (1000 t/d HNO3 as 60 wt% acid), Sodium nitrite from ammonia oxidation and soda absorption (with sodium nitrate by inversion) | ReversibleConversionSourcedTemplate |
| Cl2S2+Cl2⇌in equilibrium with2Cl2S | Thionyl chloride from sulfur, chlorine and SO2 over activated carbon (3.75 t/h) | ReversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2SO2+O2⇌in equilibrium with2SO3 | Sulfuric acid from sulfur burning, double contact / double absorption (1000 t/d, 98.5 wt%) | ReversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourcedTemplate |
| Cl2S+SO2+Cl2⇌in equilibrium with2SOCl2 | Thionyl chloride from sulfur, chlorine and SO2 over activated carbon (3.75 t/h) | ReversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| 3Al2Si2O5(OH)4+8NaOH→givesDSP+9H2ODesilication (kaolinite to sodalite-type desilication product) | Alumina by the Bayer process (3000 t/d smelter-grade alumina, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| SiO2+3C→givesSiC+2COCarbothermal reduction of silica to silicon carbide (Acheson furnace) | Silicon carbide by the Acheson process (5000 kg/h crude SiC, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 3C2H6→gives2C3H4+5H2 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 3C2H6→gives2C3H6+3H2 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 3C2H6→gives2C3H8+H2 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 3C2H6→givesC6H6+6H2 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 3CaH2O2+2NaAlO2+4H2O→givesCa3Al2(OH)12+2NaOHLime in aluminate liquor to tricalcium aluminate | Alumina by the Bayer process (3000 t/d smelter-grade alumina, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C3H8+3H2O⇌in equilibrium with3CO+7H2 | Hydrogen by natural-gas steam methane reforming with PSA (100 000 Nm3/h, steam export) | ReversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| 2NO+3H2+H2SO4→givesH8N2O6S | Hydroxylammonium sulfate by catalytic NO hydrogenation (30 kt/a NH2OH, 25 wt% solution) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| 3NaNO2+2HNO3→gives3NaNO3+2NO+H2OInversion of sodium nitrite to sodium nitrate with nitric acid | Sodium nitrite from ammonia oxidation and soda absorption (with sodium nitrate by inversion) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 4C2H2O→givesC8H8O4 | Acetic anhydride by the ketene route (acetic acid cracking, 50 kt/a, concept) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourced |
| 4C5H9NO+27O2→gives20CO2+18H2O+2N2 | Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 4CH4→givesC4H2+7H2 | Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 4CHN+5O2→gives4CO2+2H2O+2N2 | Solid sodium cyanide from Andrussow HCN (6.25 t/h, 50 kt/a) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 2MnO2+4KOH+O2→gives2K2MnO4+2H2OOxidation of MnO2 to potassium manganate in KOH with air (roaster) | Potassium permanganate from MnO2 ore by KOH roasting and electrolysis (1250 kg/h, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 4KMnO4+4KOH→gives4K2MnO4+O2+2H2OReversion of recycled permanganate to manganate in the hot KOH melt | Potassium permanganate from MnO2 ore by KOH roasting and electrolysis (1250 kg/h, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| SOCl2+4NaOH→givesNa2SO3+2NaCl+2H2O | Thionyl chloride from sulfur, chlorine and SO2 over activated carbon (3.75 t/h) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 4NH3+3O2→gives2N2+6H2OAmmonia oxidation to nitrogen (side reaction) | Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop), Hydroxylammonium sulfate by catalytic NO hydrogenation (30 kt/a NH2OH, 25 wt% solution), Weak nitric acid by dual-pressure ammonia oxidation (1000 t/d HNO3 as 60 wt% acid) and 1 more | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourcedTemplate |
| 4NO+4NH3+O2→gives4N2+6H2O | Weak nitric acid by dual-pressure ammonia oxidation (1000 t/d HNO3 as 60 wt% acid) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourced |
| 4NH3+5O2→gives4NO+6H2OAmmonia oxidation to nitric oxide | Hydroxylammonium sulfate by catalytic NO hydrogenation (30 kt/a NH2OH, 25 wt% solution), Weak nitric acid by dual-pressure ammonia oxidation (1000 t/d HNO3 as 60 wt% acid), Sodium nitrite from ammonia oxidation and soda absorption (with sodium nitrate by inversion) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourcedTemplate |
| 5CELL+24ClO2+24NaOH→gives30CO2+24NaCl+37H2OOxidation of carbohydrate by the ClO2 not used on lignin (yield loss) | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| 2NO+5H2+H2SO4→givesH8N2O4S+2H2O | Hydroxylammonium sulfate by catalytic NO hydrogenation (30 kt/a NH2OH, 25 wt% solution) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| 5LIG+2ClO2+2NaOH→gives5OXL+2NaCl+H2OLignin oxidation by chlorine dioxide (5 electrons per ClO2) | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| PCl3+5NaOH→givesNA2HPO3+3NaCl+2H2O | Phosphorus oxychloride from white phosphorus, chlorine and oxygen via PCl3 (4.0 t/h) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 6CH4→givesC6H6+9H2 | Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| P4+6Cl2→gives4PCl3Chlorination of white phosphorus | Phosphorus oxychloride from white phosphorus, chlorine and oxygen via PCl3 (4.0 t/h) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2Cl2S2+6NaOH→givesNa2S2O3+2S+4NaCl+3H2O | Thionyl chloride from sulfur, chlorine and SO2 over activated carbon (3.75 t/h) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 2Cl2S+6NaOH→givesNa2S2O3+4NaCl+3H2O | Thionyl chloride from sulfur, chlorine and SO2 over activated carbon (3.75 t/h) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| POCl3+6NaOH→givesNa3PO4+3NaCl+3H2O | Phosphorus oxychloride from white phosphorus, chlorine and oxygen via PCl3 (4.0 t/h) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| Al(OH)3+NaOH→givesNaAlO2+2H2OGibbsite digestion | Alumina by the Bayer process (3000 t/d smelter-grade alumina, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| C4H5NO2+NaOH+Br2→givesC4H4BrNO2+NaBr+H2OBromination of succinimide in aqueous NaOH | N-Bromosuccinimide by semi-batch bromination of succinimide in aqueous NaOH (500 t/a) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| C+O2→givesCO2Coke combustion (lime kiln) | Soda ash by the Solvay ammonia-soda process (1000 t/d light ash, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| SiO2+C→givesSiO+COSilicon monoxide formation (SiO escaping the charge) | Silicon carbide by the Acheson process (5000 kg/h crude SiC, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| C16H12O2+H2→givesEAHQ | Hydrogen peroxide by the anthraquinone autoxidation process (50 kt/a H2O2, 50 wt%) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| C2H2+2H2→givesC2H6 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C2H2+H2→givesC2H4 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourced |
| C2H2O+2O2→gives2CO2+H2O | Acetic anhydride by the ketene route (acetic acid cracking, 50 kt/a, concept) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| C2H2O+C2H4O2→givesC4H6O3 | Acetic anhydride by the ketene route (acetic acid cracking, 50 kt/a, concept) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| C2H4+3O2→gives2CO2+2H2OTotal combustion of ethylene (side reaction, R-101) | Acetaldehyde by the one-stage Wacker oxidation of ethylene (100 kt/a), Acetic anhydride by the ketene route (acetic acid cracking, 50 kt/a, concept), Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) and 1 more | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourcedTemplate |
| C2H6⇌in equilibrium withC2H4+H2 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | ReversibleConversionSourcedTemplate |
| C2H4+H2O⇌in equilibrium withC2H6O | Ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene (100 000 t/a anhydrous, phosphoric acid catalyst) | ReversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| C2H4+HCl+O2→givesC2H3ClO+H2O | Acetaldehyde by the one-stage Wacker oxidation of ethylene (100 kt/a) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| C2H4+HCl→givesC2H5Cl | Acetaldehyde by the one-stage Wacker oxidation of ethylene (100 kt/a) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| C2H4+O2→givesC2H4O2 | Acetaldehyde by the one-stage Wacker oxidation of ethylene (100 kt/a) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| C2H4O+C2H6O2→givesC4H10O3Ethoxylation of MEG to diethylene glycol | Ethylene glycol by ethylene oxide hydration (glycols-only EO/EG plant, 1200 t/d MEG) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| C2H4O+C4H10O3→givesC6H14O4Ethoxylation of DEG to triethylene glycol | Ethylene glycol by ethylene oxide hydration (glycols-only EO/EG plant, 1200 t/d MEG) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| C2H4O+C6H14O4→givesC8H18O5Ethoxylation of TEG to heavy glycols (tetraethylene glycol) | Ethylene glycol by ethylene oxide hydration (glycols-only EO/EG plant, 1200 t/d MEG) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| C2H4O+H2O→givesC2H6O2Hydration of EO to monoethylene glycol | Ethylene glycol by ethylene oxide hydration (glycols-only EO/EG plant, 1200 t/d MEG) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| C2H4O2+2O2→gives2CO2+2H2O | Formic acid 85 wt% by methanol carbonylation and methyl formate hydrolysis (50 kt/a) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C2H4O2+CO+2H2→givesC3H6O2+H2O | Acetic acid by low-water iridium methanol carbonylation (60 t/h glacial acid, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| CH4O+CO⇌in equilibrium withC2H4O2 | Formic acid 85 wt% by methanol carbonylation and methyl formate hydrolysis (50 kt/a) | ReversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| C2H4O2+H2O⇌in equilibrium withCH2O2+CH4O | Formic acid 85 wt% by methanol carbonylation and methyl formate hydrolysis (50 kt/a) | ReversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| C2H4O2+NH3→givesC2H5NO+H2O | Hydrazine hydrate by the peroxide process (PCUK, methyl ethyl ketazine route, 16 kt/a) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C2H4O2→givesC2H2O+H2O | Acetic anhydride by the ketene route (acetic acid cracking, 50 kt/a, concept) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| C2H4O2→givesCH4+CO2 | Acetic anhydride by the ketene route (acetic acid cracking, 50 kt/a, concept) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| C2H6+2H2O→gives2CO+5H2 | Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourced |
| C2H6+H2→gives2CH4 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C2H6→givesC2H2+2H2 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C2H6O+3O2→gives2CO2+3H2O | Formaldehyde by methanol oxidation over iron molybdate (Formox type, 20 t/h formalin 50 wt%) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourced |
| CH4O+C2H7N⇌in equilibrium withC3H9N+H2O | Methylamines (MMA, DMA, TMA) from methanol and ammonia | ReversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| C2H7N+CO→givesC3H7NO | N,N-Dimethylformamide by carbonylation of dimethylamine (50 kt/a, sodium methoxide in methanol) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| CH4O+CH5N⇌in equilibrium withC2H7N+H2O | Methylamines (MMA, DMA, TMA) from methanol and ammonia | ReversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| C3H4+2H2→givesC3H8 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C3H4+H2→givesC3H6 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C3H8+3H2O→gives3CO+7H2 | Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourced |
| C3H8+5O2→gives3CO2+4H2OCombustion of propane | Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop), Hydrogen by natural-gas steam methane reforming with PSA (100 000 Nm3/h, steam export), Natural gas processing (amine CO2 removal, TEG dehydration, turbo-expander NGL recovery) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| C3H8+H2→givesC2H6+CH4 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C3H8→givesC2H4+CH4 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C3H8→givesC3H6+H2 | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C4H10O2→givesC4H8O+H2O | Tetrahydrofuran from 1,4-butanediol (50 kt/a, cyclodehydration and pressure-swing distillation) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| C4H4BrNO2→givesC4H4BrNO2Dissolution of NBS in the wash water | N-Bromosuccinimide by semi-batch bromination of succinimide in aqueous NaOH (500 t/a) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C4H4BrNO2→givesC4H4BrNO2Precipitation of NBS from the cold liquor | N-Bromosuccinimide by semi-batch bromination of succinimide in aqueous NaOH (500 t/a) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C5H12O⇌in equilibrium withC4H8+CH4O | Isobutene by MTBE cracking (50 kt/a, gas-phase cleavage) | ReversibleCatalystΔHSourcedTemplate |
| 2NH3+2H2O2+C4H8O→givesN2+C4H10O+4H2O | Hydrazine hydrate by the peroxide process (PCUK, methyl ethyl ketazine route, 16 kt/a) | IrreversibleSourced |
| C6H5NO2+3H2→givesC6H7N+2H2O | Aniline by adiabatic gas-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (25 t/h) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| C6H5NO2+4H2→givesC6H6+NH3+2H2O | Aniline by adiabatic gas-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (25 t/h) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| C9H12O+C6H6O→givesC15H16O+H2O | Acetone and phenol from cumene (cumene hydroperoxide route, 200 kt/a phenol) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C7H8+H2→givesC6H6+CH4 | Toluene hydrodealkylation to benzene (100 kt/a, thermal HDA) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| C8H16N2+2H2O→givesN2H4+2C4H8O | Hydrazine hydrate by the peroxide process (PCUK, methyl ethyl ketazine route, 16 kt/a) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C8H16N2→givesPYR | Hydrazine hydrate by the peroxide process (PCUK, methyl ethyl ketazine route, 16 kt/a) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C9H10+H2→givesC9H12 | Acetone and phenol from cumene (cumene hydroperoxide route, 200 kt/a phenol) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| C9H12+O2→givesC8H8O+CH4O | Acetone and phenol from cumene (cumene hydroperoxide route, 200 kt/a phenol) | IrreversibleSourced |
| C9H12+O2→givesC9H12O2 | Acetone and phenol from cumene (cumene hydroperoxide route, 200 kt/a phenol) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| C9H12O→givesC9H10+H2O | Acetone and phenol from cumene (cumene hydroperoxide route, 200 kt/a phenol) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| C9H12O2→givesC6H6O+C3H6O | Acetone and phenol from cumene (cumene hydroperoxide route, 200 kt/a phenol) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| CaCO3→givesCaO+CO2Lime mud calcination (biogenic carbonate carbon) | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept), Soda ash by the Solvay ammonia-soda process (1000 t/d light ash, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2HCl+CaH2O2→givesCaCl2+2H2ONeutralisation of the tail brine's hydrochloric acid with hydrated lime | Bromine from bromide brine by chlorine oxidation and steaming-out (Smackover-type brine) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| CaH2O2+2NH4Cl→givesCaCl2+2NH3+2H2OAmmonia liberation with milk of lime (distiller) | Soda ash by the Solvay ammonia-soda process (1000 t/d light ash, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| K2SiO3+CaH2O2→givesCaSiO3+2KOHSilicate removal with lime (causticising the silicate back to KOH) | Potassium permanganate from MnO2 ore by KOH roasting and electrolysis (1250 kg/h, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| Na2CO3+CaH2O2→givesCaCO3+2NaOHCausticizing | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| CaO+H2O→givesCaH2O2Lime slaking | Alumina by the Bayer process (3000 t/d smelter-grade alumina, concept), Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept), Soda ash by the Solvay ammonia-soda process (1000 t/d light ash, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| CaSO4+Na2CO3→givesCaCO3+Na2SO4Calcium removal with soda ash | Chlor-alkali by membrane-cell electrolysis (100 kt/a Cl2, 50 wt-% caustic soda, hydrogen) | Irreversible |
| CELL+NaOH→givesNaISAAlkaline peeling of cellulose to isosaccharinate | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| CH2O+O2→givesCO2+H2O | Formaldehyde by methanol oxidation over iron molybdate (Formox type, 20 t/h formalin 50 wt%) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourced |
| CH3NaO+CH4O+CO→givesCHNaO2+C2H6O | N,N-Dimethylformamide by carbonylation of dimethylamine (50 kt/a, sodium methoxide in methanol) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourced |
| CH3NaO+H2O+CO→givesCHNaO2+CH4O | Formic acid 85 wt% by methanol carbonylation and methyl formate hydrolysis (50 kt/a) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| CH3NaO+HCl→givesNaCl+CH4ONeutralisation of the residual catalyst (acidulator) | Refined glycerol (USP) from biodiesel crude glycerol (10 000 t/a, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| CH4+2O2→givesCO2+2H2ONatural gas combustion (calciner) | Acetic anhydride by the ketene route (acetic acid cracking, 50 kt/a, concept), Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product), Alumina by the Bayer process (3000 t/d smelter-grade alumina, concept) and 7 more | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| CH4+H2O⇌in equilibrium withCO+3H2 | Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop), Hydrogen by natural-gas steam methane reforming with PSA (100 000 Nm3/h, steam export) | ReversibleCatalystΔHSourcedTemplate |
| CH4+H2O→givesCO+3H2 | Solid sodium cyanide from Andrussow HCN (6.25 t/h, 50 kt/a) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourcedTemplate |
| CH4→givesC+2H2 | Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2NH3+CO2⇌in equilibrium withCH4N2O+H2O | Urea by CO2 stripping, total recycle, prilling (2000 t/d, concept) | ReversibleConversionSourced |
| CH4N2O+H2O→gives2NH3+CO2 | Urea by CO2 stripping, total recycle, prilling (2000 t/d, concept) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| CH4O+CO→givesC2H4O2 | Acetic acid by low-water iridium methanol carbonylation (60 t/h glacial acid, concept) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| CO+2H2⇌in equilibrium withCH4O | Methanol synthesis loop and purification (2500 t/d Grade AA, natural-gas syngas) | ReversibleCatalystΔHSourcedTemplate |
| CH4O+H2→givesCH4+H2O | Acetic acid by low-water iridium methanol carbonylation (60 t/h glacial acid, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| CO2+3H2⇌in equilibrium withCH4O+H2O | Methanol synthesis loop and purification (2500 t/d Grade AA, natural-gas syngas) | ReversibleCatalystΔHSourcedTemplate |
| CH4O+HCl→givesCH3Cl+H2O | Chloromethane from methanol and hydrogen chloride (gas-phase hydrochlorination, 100 kt/a) | IrreversibleCatalystSourced |
| CH4O+NH3⇌in equilibrium withCH5N+H2O | Methylamines (MMA, DMA, TMA) from methanol and ammonia | ReversibleCatalystΔHSourced |
| CHN+NaOH→givesNaCN+H2O | Solid sodium cyanide from Andrussow HCN (6.25 t/h, 50 kt/a) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| Cl2+SO2+2H2O→gives2HCl+H2SO4Reduction of the blown-out excess chlorine by sulfur dioxide (T-202) | Iodine from natural iodide brine by chlorine oxidation, air blowing-out and SO2 absorption (1000 t/a) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2HI+Cl2→gives2HCl+I2Liberation of iodine from the recycled hydriodic acid (R-101) | Iodine from natural iodide brine by chlorine oxidation, air blowing-out and SO2 absorption (1000 t/a) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2NaBr+Cl2→gives2NaCl+Br2Oxidation of bromide by chlorine (bromine liberation) | Bromine from bromide brine by chlorine oxidation and steaming-out (Smackover-type brine) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| Cl2+2NaOH→givesNaCl+NaOCl+H2O | Phosgene from CO and chlorine over activated carbon (17.3 t/h liquid phosgene, captive), Phosphorus oxychloride from white phosphorus, chlorine and oxygen via PCl3 (4.0 t/h) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| 2NaI+Cl2→gives2NaCl+I2Liberation of iodine from the brine iodide by chlorine (R-101) | Iodine from natural iodide brine by chlorine oxidation, air blowing-out and SO2 absorption (1000 t/a) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2S+Cl2→givesCl2S2 | Thionyl chloride from sulfur, chlorine and SO2 over activated carbon (3.75 t/h) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| CO+Cl2⇌in equilibrium withCOCl2 | Phosgene from CO and chlorine over activated carbon (17.3 t/h liquid phosgene, captive) | ReversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| H2S+Cl2→givesS+2HClSide reaction - oxidation of the brine's hydrogen sulfide by chlorine to sulfur | Bromine from bromide brine by chlorine oxidation and steaming-out (Smackover-type brine) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| Na2SO3+Cl2+2NaOH→givesNa2SO4+2NaCl+H2OChemical dechlorination with sulfite in alkaline brine | Chlor-alkali by membrane-cell electrolysis (100 kt/a Cl2, 50 wt-% caustic soda, hydrogen), Thionyl chloride from sulfur, chlorine and SO2 over activated carbon (3.75 t/h) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| CO+3H2→givesCH4+H2O | Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourcedTemplate |
| CO+H2O⇌in equilibrium withCO2+H2 | Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop), Hydrogen by natural-gas steam methane reforming with PSA (100 000 Nm3/h, steam export), Methanol synthesis loop and purification (2500 t/d Grade AA, natural-gas syngas) | ReversibleΔHSourcedTemplate |
| CO+H2O→givesCO2+H2 | Acetic acid by low-water iridium methanol carbonylation (60 t/h glacial acid, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourcedTemplate |
| CO2+2NaOH→givesNa2CO3+H2OCarbonation of residual alkali in the furnace | Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept), Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| CO2+4H2→givesCH4+2H2O | Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop) | IrreversibleCatalystConversionSourcedTemplate |
| NaCl+NH3+CO2+H2O→givesNaHCO3+NH4ClCarbonation and bicarbonate precipitation (carbonating towers) | Soda ash by the Solvay ammonia-soda process (1000 t/d light ash, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| COCl2+4NaOH→givesNa2CO3+2NaCl+2H2O | Phosgene from CO and chlorine over activated carbon (17.3 t/h liquid phosgene, captive) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| COCl2+H2O→givesCO2+2HCl | Phosgene from CO and chlorine over activated carbon (17.3 t/h liquid phosgene, captive) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| EAHQ+O2→givesC16H12O2+H2O2 | Hydrogen peroxide by the anthraquinone autoxidation process (50 kt/a H2O2, 50 wt%) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| EXTR+NaOH→givesNaEXT+H2OSaponification of extractives to resin soap | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| 2NO+H2→givesN2O+H2O | Hydroxylammonium sulfate by catalytic NO hydrogenation (30 kt/a NH2OH, 25 wt% solution) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| H2O2+H2→gives2H2O | Hydrogen peroxide by the anthraquinone autoxidation process (50 kt/a H2O2, 50 wt%) | IrreversibleCatalystΔHConversionSourced |
| SO3+H2O→givesH2SO4 | Sulfuric acid from sulfur burning, double contact / double absorption (1000 t/d, 98.5 wt%) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| LIG+H2O2→givesOXL+H2OLignin oxidation by hydrogen peroxide | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| H2SO4+2NaOH→givesNa2SO4+2H2ONeutralisation of the sulfuric acid of the spent brine (R-401) | Acetone and phenol from cumene (cumene hydroperoxide route, 200 kt/a phenol), Iodine from natural iodide brine by chlorine oxidation, air blowing-out and SO2 absorption (1000 t/a), Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| NaOH+HCl→givesNaCl+H2ONeutralisation of caustic and hydrochloric acid | Chlor-alkali by membrane-cell electrolysis (100 kt/a Cl2, 50 wt-% caustic soda, hydrogen), Refined glycerol (USP) from biodiesel crude glycerol (10 000 t/a, concept), Iodine from natural iodide brine by chlorine oxidation, air blowing-out and SO2 absorption (1000 t/a) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| HEMI+NaOH→givesNaISAAlkaline dissolution and peeling of hemicellulose | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| HI+NaOH→givesNaI+H2ONeutralisation of the residual hydriodic acid of the spent brine (R-401) | Iodine from natural iodide brine by chlorine oxidation, air blowing-out and SO2 absorption (1000 t/a) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| LIG+NaOH→givesNaLIG+H2OLignin dissolution as sodium lignate | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| MgCl2+2NaOH→givesMg(OH)2+2NaClMagnesium removal with caustic | Chlor-alkali by membrane-cell electrolysis (100 kt/a Cl2, 50 wt-% caustic soda, hydrogen) | Irreversible |
| N2+2O2→gives2NO2NOx formation (fuel and thermal, as NO2) | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Irreversible |
| Na2CO3+2HNO3→gives2NaNO3+CO2+H2ONeutralisation of the residual carbonate with nitric acid | Sodium nitrite from ammonia oxidation and soda absorption (with sodium nitrate by inversion) | IrreversibleConversionSourced |
| Na2CO3+2NO2→givesNaNO2+NaNO3+CO2Absorption of excess NO2 in soda solution to nitrite and nitrate (side reaction) | Sodium nitrite from ammonia oxidation and soda absorption (with sodium nitrate by inversion) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| Na2CO3+NO+NO2→gives2NaNO2+CO2Absorption of equimolar NO + NO2 (N2O3) in soda solution to nitrite | Sodium nitrite from ammonia oxidation and soda absorption (with sodium nitrate by inversion) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| Na2S+2O2→givesNa2SO4Oxidation of the sulfide of the white liquor alkali to sulfate | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| Na2SO4→givesNa2S+2O2Sulfate reduction in the char bed (formal net reaction; the reductant is the char carbon of the combustion reactions) | Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | IrreversibleΔHSourced |
| NaCN→givesNaCN | Solid sodium cyanide from Andrussow HCN (6.25 t/h, 50 kt/a) | Irreversible |
| 2PCl3+O2→gives2POCl3Oxidation of PCl3 by the oxygen of the chlorine feed | Phosphorus oxychloride from white phosphorus, chlorine and oxygen via PCl3 (4.0 t/h) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| 2SiO+O2→gives2SiO2Oxidation of SiO to silica fume | Silicon carbide by the Acheson process (5000 kg/h crude SiC, concept) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| S+O2→givesSO2Oxidation of the coke sulfur to SO2 | Silicon carbide by the Acheson process (5000 kg/h crude SiC, concept), Sulfuric acid from sulfur burning, double contact / double absorption (1000 t/d, 98.5 wt%) | IrreversibleΔHConversionSourced |
| Cl2S+S⇌in equilibrium withCl2S2 | Thionyl chloride from sulfur, chlorine and SO2 over activated carbon (3.75 t/h) | ReversibleConversionSourced |
