Ethylene and oxygen react in an aqueous PdCl2/CuCl2 catalyst solution in a boiling bubble column; the cycle gas is cooled, scrubbed with water and recycled with a purge, and the crude acetaldehyde is purified in two live-steam columns. Ethylene and oxygen are boundary feeds. Concept stage.
Ethylene, Hydrogen chloride, Oxygen, Water→Acetaldehyde
Concept · not reviewed
Liquid-phase carbonylation of methanol with carbon monoxide on an iridium/ruthenium catalyst with methyl iodide promoter, a flash heated with reactor heat, light-ends, drying and heavy-ends columns and methanol scrubbing of the vents, to glacial acetic acid. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen, Iodomethane (methyl iodide), Methanol→Acetic acid
Concept · not reviewed
Acetic acid cracked to ketene at 700 C under vacuum with a triethyl phosphate catalyst, ketene absorbed and reacted in acetic acid, crude anhydride distilled to 99.5 wt%; the dilute acid is recovered and the vent gas fuels the furnace. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Acetic acid, Air, Ammonia, Methane, Triethyl phosphate→Acetic anhydride
Concept · not reviewed
Cumene is oxidised with air to cumene hydroperoxide, concentrated under vacuum and cleaved with sulfuric acid to phenol and acetone; the product is neutralised and fractionated, and alpha-methylstyrene is hydrogenated back to cumene. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI per kg acetone (foreground only).
Air, Cumene, Hydrogen, Sodium hydroxide, Sulfuric acid, Water→Acetone, Phenol
Concept · not reviewed
Natural gas and oxygen, preheated to 600 C, react in a BASF-type burner; the cracked gas is water-quenched, freed of soot, compressed and washed with N-methylpyrrolidone, which yields 99.5 % acetylene and leaves a hydrogen-rich synthesis gas as co-product. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Air, Methane, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, Oxygen→Acetylene, Synthesis gas
Concept · not reviewed
Smelter-grade alumina from Guinean gibbsitic bauxite by the Bayer process: low-temperature caustic digestion, red mud settling, washing and filtration, seeded gibbsite precipitation, spent liquor evaporation and gas suspension calcination; caustic and lime make-up, bauxite residue and calciner CO2 explicit. Concept stage, assumed liquor basis.
Air, Bauxite, Calcium oxide, Methane, Sodium hydroxide, Water→Aluminium oxide
Concept · not reviewed
Conventional natural-gas ammonia plant: desulfurisation, prereforming, fired primary and air-blown secondary reforming, HT/LT shift, aMDEA CO2 removal (CO2 vented), methanation, drying, a 150 bar synthesis loop with refrigeration and purge recovery, to refrigerated liquid ammonia. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Air, Methane, Water→Ammonia, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Nitrobenzene is evaporated into a large hydrogen recycle and hydrogenated to aniline over a palladium/alumina fixed bed; the reaction heat raises MP steam, the condensate is decanted, the process water stripped and the crude aniline dried and distilled. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate inventory.
Hydrogen, Nitrobenzene→Aniline, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Softwood chips to bleached kraft market pulp: continuous digester, brown stock washing, O2 delignification, ECF bleaching outline, drying machine, black liquor evaporation, recovery boiler, recausticizing and lime kiln, with the turbine generator; biogenic and fossil CO2 kept apart. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Air, Calcium oxide, Chlorine dioxide, Hydrogen peroxide, Methane, Oxygen, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium sulfate, Sulfuric acid, Water, Wood chips→Bleached kraft pulp, Electricity
Concept · not reviewed
A hot Smackover-type brine (4 300 mg/kg bromide) is chlorinated and steam-stripped in a steaming-out tower; the bromine is condensed, separated from bromine water, freed of chlorine and dried with sulfuric acid; the tail brine is neutralised with lime and reinjected. Chlorine from chlor-alkali-1. Concept stage, 30 kt/a Br2, assumed basis.
Calcium hydroxide, Chlorine, Sulfuric acid, Water→Bromine
Concept · not reviewed
Utility dataset: cold delivered as chilled water at 6 degC by an electric vapour-compression chiller, per MWh of cold, with a Carnot-fraction COP and its heat rejected to cooling water. Incomplete: refrigerant losses are not counted yet.
Electricity→Chilled water
Concept · not reviewed
Bipolar membrane-cell electrolysis of recirculated rock-salt brine to dry chlorine gas, 50 wt-% caustic soda and hydrogen, with brine purification, dechlorination, chlorine drying and compression and double-effect caustic evaporation. Concept stage, balanced PFD and a preliminary unallocated gate-to-gate inventory.
Hydrogen chloride, Sodium carbonate, Sodium chloride, Sodium sulfite, Sulfuric acid, Water→Chlorine, Hydrogen, Sodium hydroxide
Concept · not reviewed
Methanol and anhydrous hydrogen chloride react over alumina to methyl chloride and water; the gas is quenched, dried with sulfuric acid (which also takes up the dimethyl ether by-product), compressed, condensed and freed of HCl in a light-ends column. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI per kg methyl chloride (foreground only).
Hydrogen chloride, Methanol, Nitrogen, Sulfuric acid→Chloromethane (methyl chloride)
Concept · not reviewed
Utility dataset: heat rejection from cooling water (25 degC supply, 35 degC return) in a mechanical-draught wet cooling tower, per MWh rejected: make-up water, evaporation, drift, blowdown, pump and fan power from the air-side energy balance; design parameters ASSUMED.
Water→Cooling water
Concept · not reviewed
Double-column cryogenic air separation without argon column, producing 500 t/d gaseous oxygen at 30 barg and 10,000 Nm3/h pipeline nitrogen, with LOX/LIN backup storage.
Air→Nitrogen, Oxygen
Screening · level Balanced · not reviewed12 open items
Tier 0 screening per tonne of cumene: stoichiometry with a licensor's benzene figure and net steam, US EPA facility air emissions, electricity from core's default. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Benzene, Propylene→Cumene
Concept · not reviewed
Vapour-phase hydration of polymer-grade ethylene over phosphoric acid on silica with a large gas recycle, water scrubbing, light-ends and concentrating distillation and molecular-sieve dehydration to anhydrous ethanol. Concept stage, assumed basis, gate-to-gate LCI with unmapped backgrounds.
Ethylene, Water→Ethanol
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of ethylbenzene: feeds from stoichiometry with the sourced tar, utilities as midpoints of EU LVOC BREF ranges. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Benzene, Ethylene, Water→Ethylbenzene
Concept · not reviewed
Ethane steam cracking with ethane and propane recycle, quench, cracked-gas compression with caustic wash and drying, front-end demethaniser, tail-end acetylene hydrogenation and C2/C3 splitters to polymer-grade ethylene and propylene, crude C4 and pyrolysis gasoline. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI with unmapped backgrounds.
Air, Ethane, Methane, Sodium hydroxide, Water→Crude C4 cut, Ethylene, Propylene, Pyrolysis gasoline, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Ethylene and pipeline oxygen to ethylene oxide over silver with methane ballast, water absorption and stripping, hot-carbonate CO2 removal, thermal hydration with excess water, multi-effect evaporation and vacuum distillation to MEG, DEG and TEG. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate inventory.
Ethylene, Methane, Oxygen, Water→Diethylene glycol, Ethylene glycol (monoethylene glycol), Triethylene glycol
Concept · not reviewed
Utility dataset: combustion of waste gas (taken as methane) in an elevated flare, per kg flared: CO2 and water of the burnt fraction and the unburnt methane at an ASSUMED combustion efficiency.
Air, Waste gas to flare→Waste gas to flare
Concept · not reviewed
Methanol is vaporised into a recycle-diluted air stream, oxidised over an iron molybdate catalyst below the explosion limit, and the formaldehyde absorbed in water to 50 wt% formalin; the vent is cleaned in a catalytic oxidiser and both the reactor and the oxidiser raise steam. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate inventory.
Air, Methanol, Water→Formaldehyde
Concept · not reviewed
Methanol and carbon monoxide form methyl formate over sodium methoxide; the ester is hydrolysed with water, methyl formate and methanol are recycled, and the aqueous acid is concentrated to 85 wt% by pressure-swing distillation. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Air, Carbon monoxide, Methanol, Sodium methoxide, Water→Formic acid
Concept · not reviewed
Ammonia is oxidised by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of methyl ethyl ketone to the ketazine, which separates as an organic phase, is distilled and hydrolysed under pressure to hydrazine hydrate; the ketone is recycled. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI per kg hydrazine hydrate (64 wt% N2H4), foreground only.
Acetic acid, Ammonia, Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone), Disodium hydrogen phosphate, Hydrogen peroxide, Water→Hydrazine
Concept · not reviewed
Bromine vapour burnt in a 5 % excess of hydrogen in a water-cooled burner, the residual bromine converted on an activated-carbon bed, the HBr gas absorbed in a graphite falling-film absorber to 48 wt-% hydrobromic acid and the tail gas scrubbed with the absorption water; bromine (bromine-1, planned) and hydrogen (hydrogen-1) as boundary feeds. Concept stage, 8 kt/a HBr, assumed basis.
Bromine, Hydrogen, Water→Hydrogen bromide
Concept · not reviewed
Natural gas is desulfurised, reformed with steam over nickel in a fired tubular reformer, shifted at high temperature and purified by pressure swing adsorption to 99.9 mol% hydrogen; the PSA tail gas fires the reformer with trim natural gas and surplus steam is exported. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Air, Methane, Water→Hydrogen, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Chlorine burnt in a 10 % excess of hydrogen in a steam-raising synthesis furnace, the HCl gas absorbed in a water-cooled graphite falling-film absorber to 33 wt-% hydrochloric acid and the tail gas scrubbed with the absorption water; chlorine and hydrogen from chlor-alkali-1. Concept stage, 26.4 kt/a HCl, assumed basis.
Chlorine, Hydrogen, Water→Hydrogen chloride, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Cyclic hydrogenation of a 2-ethylanthraquinone working solution on palladium, autoxidation with air, water extraction, crude purification and vacuum concentration to 50 wt% H2O2, with working-solution drying and alumina regeneration; hydrogen is a boundary feed. Concept stage, assumed basis set inside the EU LVOC BREF ranges.
2-Ethylanthraquinone, Air, Aluminium oxide, Hydrogen, Water→Hydrogen peroxide
Concept · not reviewed
Nitric oxide made by burning ammonia with oxygen and steam over Pt/Rh is hydrogenated in dilute sulfuric acid over suspended platinum on graphite (BASF-type process) to a 25.4 wt% hydroxylammonium sulfate solution for oximation; ammonia, oxygen, hydrogen and sulfuric acid are boundary feeds. Concept stage, basis set on open patent examples.
Air, Ammonia, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfuric acid, Water→Hydroxylammonium sulfate, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Utility dataset: dry instrument air at 8 bar(a) (-40 degC pressure dew point), per kg: compressor power from the isothermal work and an ASSUMED efficiency, heatless dryer purge, heat to cooling water, condensate to treatment.
Air→Instrument air
Concept · not reviewed
An Oklahoma-type formation brine with 300 mg/kg iodide is acidified, chlorinated and blown out with circulating air; the iodine is absorbed in HI/H2SO4 liquor with SO2, re-liberated with chlorine, filtered, melted under sulfuric acid and flaked; the spent brine is neutralised and reinjected. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate inventory.
Chlorine, Sodium hydroxide, Sulfur dioxide, Sulfuric acid, Water→Iodine
Concept · not reviewed
High-purity isobutene by gas-phase cracking of MTBE over an acidic catalyst, with MTBE recycle, a water wash for methanol, a drying/DME column and methanol recovery; methanol is a co-product. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary LCI (foreground inventory only).
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), Water→Isobutene (2-methylpropene), Methanol
Concept · not reviewed
Low-pressure methanol synthesis loop on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 with a boiling-water converter, recycle and purge, and two-column distillation to Grade AA methanol; make-up synthesis gas from a natural-gas reformer outside the boundary. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen, Methane→Methanol
Concept · not reviewed
Methanol and ammonia react over amorphous silica-alumina at 350-440 C to an equilibrium mix of mono-, di- and trimethylamine; ammonia, TMA, surplus MMA and methanol are recycled, and a five-column train (ammonia, TMA extractive distillation with water, dehydration, MMA/DMA, methanol recovery) gives 8 t/h of anhydrous amines (concept design, gate-to-gate LCI).
Ammonia, Methanol→Dimethylamine, Methylamine (monomethylamine), Trimethylamine
Concept · level Balanced · not reviewedEvidence outdated
A batch plant: bromine (bromine-1) is dosed over 2 h into succinimide in cold caustic soda, the N-bromosuccinimide precipitates, is filtered, washed with ice water and vacuum-dried; half of the bromine leaves as NaBr in the mother liquor. Concept stage, assumed basis, 334 kg per batch every 5.3 h on a dedicated train, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI. The library's first batch entry.
Bromine, Sodium hydroxide, Succinimide, Water→N-Bromosuccinimide
Concept · not reviewed
One-step liquid-phase carbonylation of dimethylamine with CO in methanol on a sodium methoxide catalyst, in-situ catalyst deactivation and salt filtration, methanol/DMA recovery with recycle and vacuum finishing of DMF. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Carbon monoxide, Dimethylamine, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sodium methoxide→N,N-Dimethylformamide
Concept · not reviewed
A sweet, CO2-bearing rich shale gas (100 MMscf/d) treated to pipeline sales gas and a C2+ NGL: inlet separation, MDEA CO2 removal, TEG and molecular sieve dehydration, turbo-expander NGL recovery and electric residue compression. Concept stage, sourced feed, assumed basis.
Raw natural gas, Water→Methane, Natural gas liquids
Concept · not reviewed
Carbon monoxide and chlorine react over activated carbon in a boiling-water-cooled multitubular reactor; the phosgene is condensed and delivered as a liquid to an adjacent isocyanate plant, and the CO-rich vent is scrubbed with caustic and burnt. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Air, Carbon monoxide, Chlorine, Sodium hydroxide, Water→Phosgene
Concept · not reviewed
Molten white phosphorus is chlorinated to phosphorus trichloride in a boiling reactor-still, the PCl3 is oxidised with pipeline oxygen in a cooled loop reactor and the POCl3 is distilled in two columns; the reactor vents are scrubbed with caustic. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Chlorine, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sodium hydroxide, Water→Phosphorus oxychloride (phosphoryl chloride)
Concept · not reviewed
Technical-grade KMnO4 from manganese ore: KOH roasting with air to potassium manganate, leaching, electrolytic oxidation in divided cells, crystallisation and drying, with the KOH recycled by evaporation. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate inventory.
Air, Calcium hydroxide, Manganese dioxide, Potassium hydroxide, Water→Potassium permanganate
Concept · not reviewed
Refining of the crude glycerol phase of a biodiesel plant to USP-grade glycerol (99.7 wt%): HCl acidulation, fatty-layer separation, neutralisation, methanol recovery, vacuum dewatering, vacuum distillation with salt removal and activated carbon bleaching. Concept stage, sourced feed, assumed separation parameters.
Crude glycerol, Hydrogen chloride, Sodium hydroxide, Water→Glycerol, Methanol
Concept · not reviewed
Crude crystalline silicon carbide from silica sand and petroleum coke in batch Acheson resistance furnaces: gas burn-off over the charge, ingot cooling, breaking and sorting with recycle of the unreacted mix, crushing. Electricity per kg, CO and SO2 explicit. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Air, Petroleum coke, Silicon dioxide→Silicon carbide
Concept · not reviewed
Synthetic soda ash from brine and limestone by the Solvay process: lime kiln, brine ammoniation, carbonation, filtration, steam calcination and ammonia recovery with milk of lime; CaCl2 distiller waste and kiln CO2 explicit. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Air, Ammonia, Limestone, Metallurgical coke, Sodium chloride, Water→Sodium carbonate
Concept · not reviewed
Nitrous gas from the catalytic oxidation of ammonia absorbed in soda solution near atmospheric pressure, the nitrite liquor evaporated and crystallised to dried sodium nitrite, and the mother-liquor purge inverted with nitric acid to sodium nitrate. Ammonia, soda ash and nitric acid from ammonia-1, soda-ash-1 and nitric-acid-1. Concept stage, 20 kt/a NaNO2, assumed basis.
Air, Ammonia, Nitric acid, Sodium carbonate→Sodium nitrate, Sodium nitrite
Concept · not reviewed
Methane, ammonia and air react over a Pt/Rh gauze to HCN (Andrussow); unconverted ammonia is recovered and recycled, HCN is absorbed in chilled water, refined and neutralised with caustic soda, and sodium cyanide is crystallised under vacuum and dried. The tail gas raises steam. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate inventory.
Air, Ammonia, Methane, Sodium hydroxide→Sodium cyanide, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Utility dataset: saturated steam at 11 bar(a) from a natural-gas fired boiler, per tonne of steam, from the boiler's energy balance and the combustion stoichiometry of methane, with combustion emissions from EPA AP-42 Section 1.4 for a small uncontrolled boiler; boiler class and design parameters ASSUMED.
Air, Methane, Water→Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of styrene monomer, with toluene and benzene as co-products: midpoints of EU LVOC BREF ranges and a closing balance. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Ethylbenzene, Methane, Water→Benzene, Styrene, Toluene
Concept · not reviewed
Molten sulfur burned in dried air, SO2 oxidised over four V2O5 beds (3+1) with intermediate and final absorption to 98.5 wt% acid; waste heat recovered as exported HP steam. Concept stage, assumed basis, with a preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Air, Sulfur, Water→Sulfuric acid
Concept · not reviewed
Acid-catalysed cyclodehydration of purchased 1,4-butanediol to THF by reactive distillation with homogeneous p-toluenesulfonic acid, then pressure-swing distillation of the THF/water azeotrope at 110 and 800 kPa(a) with condenser-reboiler integration. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI (foreground only).
Butane-1,4-diol, p-Toluenesulfonic acid→Tetrahydrofuran
Concept · not reviewed
Sulfur is chlorinated to sulfur chlorides, whose SCl2 reacts with sulfur dioxide and chlorine over activated carbon at about 200 C; the crude is condensed, degassed (SO2 and Cl2 recycled) and distilled with sulfur to 99.7 wt% thionyl chloride. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Chlorine, Sodium hydroxide, Sulfur, Sulfur dioxide, Water→Thionyl chloride
Concept · not reviewed
Thermal hydrodealkylation of toluene with hydrogen to benzene: adiabatic reactor, quench, HP separator, hydrogen recycle with purge and purge hydrogen recovery (PSA), stabiliser, benzene and toluene columns with toluene recycle and a biphenyl by-product. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary LCI (cradle-to-gate study, foreground inventory only).
Hydrogen, Methane, Toluene→Benzene, Biphenyl, Hydrogen, Methane
Concept · not reviewed
Fertiliser urea from ammonia and CO2 (both from an ammonia plant outside the boundary) by high-pressure CO2 stripping with total recycle, low-pressure recirculation, two-stage vacuum evaporation and prilling with exhaust scrubbing. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Air, Ammonia, Carbon dioxide→Urea, Water
Concept · not reviewed
Utility dataset: biological treatment of industrial wastewater at an ASSUMED design COD, per m3: aeration and pumping power, CO2 of the oxidised organics, residual COD, excess sludge; from COD and biomass stoichiometry with ASSUMED design parameters.
Wastewater→Wastewater
Concept · not reviewed
Dual-pressure Ostwald process: ammonia burned with air over Pt/Rh gauze at about 0.5 MPa, heat recovered to HP steam, nitrous gas compressed and absorbed in water at about 1.1 MPa to 60 wt% nitric acid, tail gas treated for N2O and NOx and expanded. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Air, Ammonia, Water→Nitric acid, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
| Process | Family | In → out | Calculation maturity | Review status | Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetaldehyde by the one-stage Wacker oxidation of ethylene (100 kt/a) | Oxygenates | Ethylene, Hydrogen chloride, Oxygen, Water → Acetaldehyde | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Acetic acid by low-water iridium methanol carbonylation (60 t/h glacial acid, concept) | Oxygenates | Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen, Iodomethane (methyl iodide), Methanol → Acetic acid | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Acetic anhydride by the ketene route (acetic acid cracking, 50 kt/a, concept) | Oxygenates | Acetic acid, Air, Ammonia, Methane, Triethyl phosphate → Acetic anhydride | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Acetone and phenol from cumene (cumene hydroperoxide route, 200 kt/a phenol) | Aromatics | Air, Cumene, Hydrogen, Sodium hydroxide, Sulfuric acid, Water → Acetone, Phenol | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product) | Olefins, Syngas | Air, Methane, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, Oxygen → Acetylene, Synthesis gas | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Alumina by the Bayer process (3000 t/d smelter-grade alumina, concept) | Aluminium | Air, Bauxite, Calcium oxide, Methane, Sodium hydroxide, Water → Aluminium oxide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop) | Ammonia | Air, Methane, Water → Ammonia, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | P&ID · 3D · LCA |
| Aniline by adiabatic gas-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (25 t/h) | Nitrogen organics | Hydrogen, Nitrobenzene → Aniline, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Bio based chemicals | Air, Calcium oxide, Chlorine dioxide, Hydrogen peroxide, Methane, Oxygen, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium sulfate, Sulfuric acid, Water, Wood chips → Bleached kraft pulp, Electricity | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Bromine from bromide brine by chlorine oxidation and steaming-out (Smackover-type brine) | Inorganic chemicals | Calcium hydroxide, Chlorine, Sulfuric acid, Water → Bromine | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Chilled water at 6 degC from an electric chiller | Utilities | Electricity → Chilled water | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Chlor-alkali by membrane-cell electrolysis (100 kt/a Cl2, 50 wt-% caustic soda, hydrogen) | Chlor alkali, Electrolysis | Hydrogen chloride, Sodium carbonate, Sodium chloride, Sodium sulfite, Sulfuric acid, Water → Chlorine, Hydrogen, Sodium hydroxide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Chloromethane from methanol and hydrogen chloride (gas-phase hydrochlorination, 100 kt/a) | Chlorinated organics | Hydrogen chloride, Methanol, Nitrogen, Sulfuric acid → Chloromethane (methyl chloride) | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Cooling water, evaporative cooling tower, 25/35 degC | Utilities | Water → Cooling water | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Cryogenic air separation unit (500 t/d GOX) | Air separation, Industrial gases, Cryogenic separation | Air → Nitrogen, Oxygen | Balanced(design maturity screening) | Not independently reviewed | P&ID · 3D · LCA · 12 open items |
| Cumene by zeolite alkylation of benzene with propylene | Aromatics | Benzene, Propylene → Cumene | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene (100 000 t/a anhydrous, phosphoric acid catalyst) | Oxygenates | Ethylene, Water → Ethanol | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Ethylbenzene by liquid-phase zeolite alkylation of benzene with ethylene | Styrenics | Benzene, Ethylene, Water → Ethylbenzene | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | Olefins | Air, Ethane, Methane, Sodium hydroxide, Water → Crude C4 cut, Ethylene, Propylene, Pyrolysis gasoline, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Ethylene glycol by ethylene oxide hydration (glycols-only EO/EG plant, 1200 t/d MEG) | Oxygenates | Ethylene, Methane, Oxygen, Water → Diethylene glycol, Ethylene glycol (monoethylene glycol), Triethylene glycol | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Flaring of methane-rich waste gas | Waste treatment | Air, Waste gas to flare → Waste gas to flare | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Formaldehyde by methanol oxidation over iron molybdate (Formox type, 20 t/h formalin 50 wt%) | Oxygenates | Air, Methanol, Water → Formaldehyde | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Formic acid 85 wt% by methanol carbonylation and methyl formate hydrolysis (50 kt/a) | Oxygenates | Air, Carbon monoxide, Methanol, Sodium methoxide, Water → Formic acid | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Hydrazine hydrate by the peroxide process (PCUK, methyl ethyl ketazine route, 16 kt/a) | Inorganic chemicals | Acetic acid, Ammonia, Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone), Disodium hydrogen phosphate, Hydrogen peroxide, Water → Hydrazine | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Hydrogen bromide synthesis burner with catalytic finishing and absorption (48 wt-% hydrobromic acid) | Inorganic chemicals | Bromine, Hydrogen, Water → Hydrogen bromide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Hydrogen by natural-gas steam methane reforming with PSA (100 000 Nm3/h, steam export) | Hydrogen | Air, Methane, Water → Hydrogen, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Hydrogen chloride synthesis burner and absorption (33 wt-% hydrochloric acid, steam recovery) | Chlor alkali | Chlorine, Hydrogen, Water → Hydrogen chloride, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Hydrogen peroxide by the anthraquinone autoxidation process (50 kt/a H2O2, 50 wt%) | Inorganic chemicals | 2-Ethylanthraquinone, Air, Aluminium oxide, Hydrogen, Water → Hydrogen peroxide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Hydroxylammonium sulfate by catalytic NO hydrogenation (30 kt/a NH2OH, 25 wt% solution) | Inorganic chemicals | Air, Ammonia, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfuric acid, Water → Hydroxylammonium sulfate, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Instrument air, dried, 8 bar(a) | Utilities | Air → Instrument air | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Iodine from natural iodide brine by chlorine oxidation, air blowing-out and SO2 absorption (1000 t/a) | Inorganic chemicals | Chlorine, Sodium hydroxide, Sulfur dioxide, Sulfuric acid, Water → Iodine | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Isobutene by MTBE cracking (50 kt/a, gas-phase cleavage) | Olefins | Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), Water → Isobutene (2-methylpropene), Methanol | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Methanol synthesis loop and purification (2500 t/d Grade AA, natural-gas syngas) | Methanol | Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen, Methane → Methanol | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Methylamines (MMA, DMA, TMA) from methanol and ammonia | Nitrogen organics | Ammonia, Methanol → Dimethylamine, Methylamine (monomethylamine), Trimethylamine | Balanced (evidence outdated)(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| N-Bromosuccinimide by semi-batch bromination of succinimide in aqueous NaOH (500 t/a) | Nitrogen organics | Bromine, Sodium hydroxide, Succinimide, Water → N-Bromosuccinimide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| N,N-Dimethylformamide by carbonylation of dimethylamine (50 kt/a, sodium methoxide in methanol) | Nitrogen organics | Carbon monoxide, Dimethylamine, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sodium methoxide → N,N-Dimethylformamide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Natural gas processing (amine CO2 removal, TEG dehydration, turbo-expander NGL recovery) | Fuels | Raw natural gas, Water → Methane, Natural gas liquids | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Phosgene from CO and chlorine over activated carbon (17.3 t/h liquid phosgene, captive) | Chlorinated organics | Air, Carbon monoxide, Chlorine, Sodium hydroxide, Water → Phosgene | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Phosphorus oxychloride from white phosphorus, chlorine and oxygen via PCl3 (4.0 t/h) | Inorganic chemicals | Chlorine, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sodium hydroxide, Water → Phosphorus oxychloride (phosphoryl chloride) | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Potassium permanganate from MnO2 ore by KOH roasting and electrolysis (1250 kg/h, concept) | Inorganic chemicals | Air, Calcium hydroxide, Manganese dioxide, Potassium hydroxide, Water → Potassium permanganate | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Refined glycerol (USP) from biodiesel crude glycerol (10 000 t/a, concept) | Bio based chemicals | Crude glycerol, Hydrogen chloride, Sodium hydroxide, Water → Glycerol, Methanol | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Silicon carbide by the Acheson process (5000 kg/h crude SiC, concept) | Inorganic chemicals | Air, Petroleum coke, Silicon dioxide → Silicon carbide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Soda ash by the Solvay ammonia-soda process (1000 t/d light ash, concept) | Soda ash | Air, Ammonia, Limestone, Metallurgical coke, Sodium chloride, Water → Sodium carbonate | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Sodium nitrite from ammonia oxidation and soda absorption (with sodium nitrate by inversion) | Inorganic chemicals | Air, Ammonia, Nitric acid, Sodium carbonate → Sodium nitrate, Sodium nitrite | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Solid sodium cyanide from Andrussow HCN (6.25 t/h, 50 kt/a) | Inorganic chemicals | Air, Ammonia, Methane, Sodium hydroxide → Sodium cyanide, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Steam generation, natural-gas boiler, saturated 11 bar(a) | Steam and heat | Air, Methane, Water → Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Styrene by adiabatic catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene | Styrenics | Air, Ethylbenzene, Methane, Water → Benzene, Styrene, Toluene | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Sulfuric acid from sulfur burning, double contact / double absorption (1000 t/d, 98.5 wt%) | Sulfuric acid | Air, Sulfur, Water → Sulfuric acid | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Tetrahydrofuran from 1,4-butanediol (50 kt/a, cyclodehydration and pressure-swing distillation) | Oxygenates | Butane-1,4-diol, p-Toluenesulfonic acid → Tetrahydrofuran | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Thionyl chloride from sulfur, chlorine and SO2 over activated carbon (3.75 t/h) | Sulfuric acid, Inorganic chemicals | Chlorine, Sodium hydroxide, Sulfur, Sulfur dioxide, Water → Thionyl chloride | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Toluene hydrodealkylation to benzene (100 kt/a, thermal HDA) | Aromatics | Hydrogen, Methane, Toluene → Benzene, Biphenyl, Hydrogen, Methane | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | P&ID · 3D |
| Urea by CO2 stripping, total recycle, prilling (2000 t/d, concept) | Fertilizers | Air, Ammonia, Carbon dioxide → Urea, Water | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Wastewater treatment, activated sludge | Wastewater treatment | Wastewater → Wastewater | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Weak nitric acid by dual-pressure ammonia oxidation (1000 t/d HNO3 as 60 wt% acid) | Nitric acid | Air, Ammonia, Water → Nitric acid, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
