Irreversible reaction

2C2H4C4H8

Direction
Irreversible
Processes
1
Stated as
Stoichiometry only
Heat of reaction
ΔH = -105,150 kJ/kmol (one process)
Element balance
Checked: balances
As the processes state itStoichiometry, conversions, heats of reaction and catalyst windows are taken from each process's files with their provenance. The build checks only that each process's equation balances in every element, from the process's own component formulas; it does not check the numbers. A process's design maturity applies to them.

Species

SpeciesNameCASRoleCoefficient
C2H4Ethylene74-85-1reactant-2
C4H81-Butene106-98-9product1

In the processes

  • Ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene (100 000 t/a anhydrous, phosphoric acid catalyst)Concept · not reviewed

    OLIGO2 C2H4 → C4H8

    Element balance
    Balances in every element
    Heat of reaction
    ΔH = -105,150 kJ/kmol at 298.15 K, as written (calculated: ideal-gas formation enthalpies of materials.yaml, 298.15 K (1-butene))
    Catalyst
    Phosphoric acid on a silica support · active phase H3PO4 · on SiO2
    Operating window
    498.15–553.15 K (225–280 °C), 3,000–10,000 kPa (30–100 bar) (given: US 5349096, Description and claims: 225-280 C for ethylene to ethanol, 3000-10000 kPa for ethylene; acid loading 5-55 % w/w)

Sources

What the processes cite for this reaction, each source once: for the reaction itself, its conversion, its heat of reaction or its catalyst. As the processes write them; DOIs, US patent numbers and web addresses are linked.

  1. lumped oligomer by-product, ASSUMED (DESIGN.md D-004)

    For the reaction · cited by Ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene (100 000 t/a anhydrous, phosphoric acid catalyst)

  2. ideal-gas formation enthalpies of materials.yaml, 298.15 K (1-butene)

    For the heat of reaction · cited by Ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene (100 000 t/a anhydrous, phosphoric acid catalyst)

  3. US 5349096 (BP Chemicals), olefin hydration process: phosphoric acid on high-porosity silica

    For the catalyst · cited by Ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene (100 000 t/a anhydrous, phosphoric acid catalyst)

  4. US 4003952, Background: phosphoric acid on celite

    For the catalyst · cited by Ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene (100 000 t/a anhydrous, phosphoric acid catalyst)