Benzene to storage

Activity Toluene hydrodealkylation to benzene (100 kt/a, thermal HDA), GLO: the inventory of 1 kilogram of its reference product, attributional, cut-off.

Calculation maturity: not assessed Design maturity: Concept (research)Not independently reviewedhda-1:toluene-hydrodealkylation-to-benzene-100-kt-a-thermal-hda:product:BENZENEReport a problem with this dataset

Research outputAn inventory from a research design at the design maturity its process states, not verified plant data: check its calculation maturity and review status before use. Background activities are referenced by name only; no background data is included. All caveats

What it is

Unallocated foreground LCI of Toluene hydrodealkylation to benzene (100 kt/a, thermal HDA), case design, derived from the flowsheet by cheme assess lca.

Reference product: 1 kilogram of Benzene to storage (1.5 bar(a), 40 degC, 99.9 % BZ (mole))
Chemical: benzene
CAS: 71-43-2
Code: hda-1:toluene-hydrodealkylation-to-benzene-100-kt-a-thermal-hda:product:BENZENE
Dataset: toluene-hydrodealkylation-to-benzene-100-kt-a-thermal-hda version 0.1.0 · UUID 9c909dd0-ea10-506a-8ef8-3d4a5fdeac69
Activity UUID: not available (the library assigns none; use the code)
Database: cheme-as-code-atlas-preview-c3ab348 (version preview-c3ab348)
Process: Toluene hydrodealkylation to benzene (100 kt/a, thermal HDA)
Geography: GLO · background inputs with a site rule link at the user's site location (default DE)
Time period: 2026 · valid until 2031
Technology: thermal toluene hydrodealkylation, adiabatic reactor 895-936 K / 3.4 MPa, H2 recycle with purge and purge hydrogen recovery by PSA, stabiliser, benzene and vacuum toluene columns; 100 kt/a benzene, concept design · level current
Boundary: gate-to-gate foreground of the plant
Production volume: 100,000,000 kg/a (product:BENZENE per hour x operation.hours_per_year (8000 h/a))
Classification: ISIC Rev.4 1920, 2011 (taxonomy/families.yaml (ISIC Rev.4) of the process's families)
System model: attributional, cut-off (docs/system-model.md, methodology 1.1.0)
Allocation: energy, 75.5 % of the dataset to this product (rule deviation, from study)
The WBCSD price-ratio rule cannot be applied: no co-product prices are set at the concept stage. Energy (LHV) is used because the fuel gas co-product is an energy carrier sold to the site fuel system and the products are all fuels or hydrocarbons with similar LHVs; mass would give the high-LHV fuel gas a smaller share than its energy content (D-013).
Rights: CC-BY-4.0: the ChemE-as-Code process library's own concept design (LICENSE-DATA)

Exchanges per 1 kilogram of Benzene to storage

As exported: allocated and scaled to the reference product. Provenance: 2 given, 4 calculated, 2 assumed. Pedigree scores (1 best, 5 worst): reliability, completeness, temporal correlation, geographical correlation, further technological correlation.

Input	Amount	Unit	Provenance	Pedigree	Linked to
Fresh toluene feed:TOLF fresh toluene S1 (design basis D-003; composition from the BPCL toluene data sheet, D-020) From stream S1	0.9322	kilogram	given	3 4 1 3 3	market for toluene, liquid (toluene, liquid, GLO) in your background (default ecoinvent-3.11-cutoff)
Make-up hydrogen (PSA grade, 99.9 mol% H2) feed:H2MU make-up hydrogen S4 (D-003, D-020), reduced by the PSA hydrogen returned to the loop (D-024) From stream S4	0.02372	kilogram	given	3 4 1 3 3	Atlas: hydrogen make-up gas, 99.9 mol% H2, 0.1 mol% CH4, per kg (Atlas unit proxy) (hydrogen make-up gas, 99.9 mol% H2, GLO)
Electric power feed:POWER recycle compressor K-101, toluene pump P-101, quench pump P-102 and tail-gas compressor K-102 (Q1, Q2; D-010; Q12, D-022; Q13, D-024) electricity From streams Q1, Q2, Q12, Q13	0.03413	kilowatt hour	calculated	3 4 1 3 3	market for electricity, medium voltage (electricity, medium voltage, DE, site location) in your background (default ecoinvent-3.11-cutoff)
Fired heat from natural gas (feed heater) feed:FUEL feed heater H-101 absorbed duty Q3 (D-009) heat, natural gas firing, 926.85 degC From stream Q3	0.1838	kilowatt hour	calculated	3 4 1 3 3	Atlas: heat from natural gas, industrial furnace, per kWh (Atlas unit proxy) (heat from natural gas, by energy, GLO)
MP steam 1500 kPa(a) feed:MPS stabiliser reboiler Q5 (D-010) steam, MP, 198.25 degC, 15 bar(a) From stream Q5	0.0861	kilowatt hour	assumed	4 4 1 3 3	Atlas: heat from steam, per kWh (Atlas unit proxy) (heat from steam, by energy, GLO)
LP steam 450 kPa(a) feed:LPS benzene column reboiler Q7 (D-010) steam, LP, 147.65 degC, 4.5 bar(a) From stream Q7	0.2106	kilowatt hour	calculated	3 4 1 3 3	Atlas: heat from steam, per kWh (Atlas unit proxy) (heat from steam, by energy, GLO)
HP steam 4200 kPa(a) feed:HPS toluene column reboiler Q9 (D-010) steam, HP, 253.25 degC, 42 bar(a) From stream Q9	0.03858	kilowatt hour	calculated	3 4 1 3 3	Atlas: heat from steam, per kWh (Atlas unit proxy) (heat from steam, by energy, GLO)
Cooling water return product:CW heat to cooling water Q4, Q6, Q8, Q10 (D-010), the product cooler E-207, Q11 (D-022), and the tail-gas aftercooler E-103, Q14 (D-024) cold, 25 degC From streams Q4, Q6, Q8, Q10, Q14, Q11	0.6512	kilowatt hour	assumed	4 4 1 3 3	Atlas (plant): cooling water service, per kWh heat rejected (Atlas screening proxy) (heat rejected to cooling water, GLO) compatible: grade the input names cooling-water only; cooling-water (Heat rejected to cooling water, 25/35 degC) is taken; unit kilowatt hour; carrier cold, 25 degC from cold, 25 degC; system model cutoff (one database); allocation mass (single-output); boundary plant gate of a site utility: no utility market yet (docs/markets.md)

Elementary flows

No elementary flows are exported for this activity (pass-through emissions and free inputs are left out, see the caveats).

The streams are the plant's own flows: an amount here is allocated and per 1 kilogram of Benzene to storage, so it differs from the stream's flow, and it can sum several streams.

Where these numbers come from: each exchange names its source above; the dataset is processes/hda-1/lca/dataset.yaml in library version c3ab348.

Used by

No other activity of this database links to it.

How good it is

Review

Not reviewed: no LCI review record yet

Data quality

DQR 2.33 · PEF-style DQR 2.56

TeR 3 · GeR 3 · TiR 1 · P 3.25 · C 4 · weakest TeR · primary data 0 %

Mass and carbon closure

Assessed (lca/manifest.json balance, tolerance 5 %: design maturity concept (sourced screening))

lci-carbon-origin: closed
lci-element-balance: closed
lci-mass-balance: closed

Change report

Not available: this build has no change report against an earlier release.

KPI benchmark positions

Not available: no benchmarked KPI for this dataset.

How to use it

Downloads

cheme-as-code-atlas-preview-c3ab348.xlsx · bw2io ExcelImporter workbook (bw2io 0.9 Excel layout) · the whole database
code hda-1:toluene-hydrodealkylation-to-benzene-100-kt-a-thermal-hda:product:BENZENE
cheme-as-code-atlas-preview-c3ab348-olca-jsonld.zip · openLCA JSON-LD (olca-schema) (2) · the whole database
process 9c909dd0-ea10-506a-8ef8-3d4a5fdeac69 (processes/9c909dd0-ea10-506a-8ef8-3d4a5fdeac69.json) · the dataset's unallocated multi-output process; this product's allocation factor is in it
cheme-as-code-atlas-preview-c3ab348-multifunctional.json · Brightway 2.5 multifunctional database (JSON, for the multifunctional package) (cheme-as-code/lci-multifunctional/v1) · the whole database
code hda-1:toluene-hydrodealkylation-to-benzene-100-kt-a-thermal-hda · the dataset unallocated, with all its products; this product is its desired_code
cheme_as_code_lci-0.1.0-py3-none-any.whl · the installer

A file with this activity alone is not available: each file above is the whole database, and the line under it says how to find this activity there.

import bw2data as bd
from cheme_as_code_lci import install

bd.projects.set_current("my-project")   # holds your licensed background + biosphere3
install("cheme-as-code-atlas-preview-c3ab348.xlsx", background="ecoinvent-3.11-cutoff", location="DE")
activity = bd.get_activity(("cheme-as-code-atlas-preview-c3ab348", "hda-1:toluene-hydrodealkylation-to-benzene-100-kt-a-thermal-hda:product:BENZENE"))

While any exchange of the database has no mapping, install() writes nothing and only lists the unlinked exchanges. So the last line finds no activity until the gaps are mapped: the download section gives the ways to use the database now.

How to cite

Benzene to storage, from Toluene hydrodealkylation to benzene (100 kt/a, thermal HDA) (dataset toluene-hydrodealkylation-to-benzene-100-kt-a-thermal-hda 0.1.0), ChemE-as-Code Process Atlas LCI database preview-c3ab348, activity hda-1:toluene-hydrodealkylation-to-benzene-100-kt-a-thermal-hda:product:BENZENE. Cite the Process Atlas paper (in preparation, 2026), by Artur M. Schweidtmann and Jana M. Weber, and the ChemE-as-Code Process Atlas LCI database version preview-c3ab348.

DOI: none yet (the Process Atlas paper is in preparation)

For the data, cite the Process Atlas paper; for the platform that builds and checks it, the ChemE-as-Code paper.

Schweidtmann, A. M. & Weber, J. M. (2026, in preparation). Process Atlas: an open, git-native, reproducible library and life cycle inventory of chemical processes (working title).

BibTeX

@unpublished{schweidtmann_process_atlas,
  author = {Schweidtmann, Artur M. and Weber, Jana M.},
  title = {{Process Atlas: an open, git-native, reproducible library and life cycle inventory of chemical processes (working title)}},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://atlas.cheme-as-code.org},
  note = {in preparation}
}

Schweidtmann, A. M. (2026, in preparation). ChemE-as-Code: An Open-Source Platform for AI-Accelerated Chemical Process Engineering (working title).

BibTeX

@unpublished{schweidtmann_cheme_as_code,
  author = {Schweidtmann, Artur M.},
  title = {{ChemE-as-Code: An Open-Source Platform for AI-Accelerated Chemical Process Engineering (working title)}},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://cheme-as-code.org},
  note = {in preparation}
}