CO2 electrolysis to CO in reverse-bias bipolar-membrane cells (measured bench cell, two pilot skids)

CO2 electrolysis to CO on Ag in reverse-bias bipolar-membrane cells with a KOH anolyte, grounded in measured water dissociation efficiencies (Prats Vergel et al., 2025). Concept: the measured bench cell and two 0.1 kg/h CO pilot skids for 1,000 and 10,000 h campaigns, one KOH fill (too tall for its frame at 10,000 h) against continuous dosing (1.8 times the KOH).

Calculation maturity: not assessedDesign maturity: Concept (research)Not independently reviewedElectrolysisReport a problem with this process
Research outputNot engineering advice and not an approved design: do not use it for construction, operation or safety decisions. What this means

The case starts from the experiments of Prats Vergel, Vermaas, Burdyny and colleagues (Nature Chemical Engineering 2025; 4TU dataset v1, CC BY 4.0). A 5 cm2 membrane electrode assembly reduces humidified CO2 to CO and H2 at a silver gas-diffusion cathode. A Fumasep bipolar membrane in reverse bias supplies protons to the cathode and hydroxide to a Ni foam anode in a recirculated KOH anolyte. Co-ions leak through it: K+ to the cathode, carbonate to the anolyte. That leak, one minus the water dissociation efficiency (WDE), acidifies the anolyte over time.

At this stage the folder holds: - the measured cell configuration; - the WDE series in 1 M KOH (25 to 250 mA/cm2), rebuilt from the raw titration sheets by scripts/adapt_4tu.py; - the measured series of the same 18 runs (cell voltage, CO and H2 Faradaic efficiency, WDE), rebuilt from the raw chronopotentiometry, flow-meter, GC and titration files (experiments/electrochemistry/rbpm-1m-koh.yaml); - the cell balance of the bench cell at 200 mA/cm2 on those measurements (process/cells.yaml); - a labelled cell cross-section; - two pilot skids of 0.100 kg/h CO (#330), each four stacks of seven 100 cm2 cells on a 48 V bus: Skid A on one fill of 1 M KOH sized to reach pH 12 at the end of the campaign, Skid B on 50 L held steady by continuous 5 M KOH dosing, bleed and make-up; their duties, stacks, flowsheet (two trains, two cases), P&IDs, lists, control, layout and the calculation records of the 1,000 h and 10,000 h scenarios, all regenerated by scripts/regen.py.

Every skid number rests on ASSUMED inputs (product duty, recovery, envelope, setpoints) and on the 1 h measurements in fresh 1 M KOH held over the whole campaign by assumption.

The independent reproduction of the published series and model is a separate, held-out benchmark (benchmarks/reproductions/vermaas-rbpm-wde, ADR 0030 and 0032). The LCI and a climate-change screening of both skids per kg CO delivered (#331, part of it; tracker core#136) are in lca/: the unallocated datasets of both designs, reconciled with the duty totals, and the gaps that leave the comparison of the skids open.

Engineering gates
Concept and feasibility (no results yet)
Maintainers
Artur Schweidtmann
Design basis and assumptions (1)
  • Stability criterion: anolyte pH 12, the authors' criterion (Methods). That pH 12 protects a Ni anode is ASSUMED after the authors; it is a stated threshold, not a predicted corrosion onset (DESIGN.md D-003).

From process/design-basis.yaml.

Engineering model

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Drawing of the process (preview)Open the engineering model

The interactive model (drawings, streams, 3D) is made for larger screens.

Snapshot of a3c52e4, cheme-as-code 1.6.0.

What goes in and out

In

  • Carbon dioxideFeedstockhumidified CO2 to the cathode at 10 sccm/cm2; pilot skids: merchant liquefied CO2, fossil by-product (ASSUMED, D-016), 0.95 of the unreacted CO2 recycled by the PSA: 3.54 kg fed per kg CO
  • Potassium hydroxideFeedstockanolyte fill, counted as 1 M KOH solution (lca/mappings.yaml): Skid A one fill per campaign (0.65 kg KOH per kg CO), Skid B its 50 L (0.028 kg per kg CO at 1,000 h)
  • Potassium hydroxideFeedstockSkid B's continuous dosing, counted as 5 M KOH solution (lca/mappings.yaml): 1.17 kg KOH per kg CO
  • WaterFeedstockhumidification and Skid B's anolyte make-up

Out

  • Carbon monoxideMain product0.100 kg/h at >= 0.99 mol/mol dry and 5.0 bar(a) at the skid boundary (ASSUMED pilot duty, D-008); the LCA's functional unit is 1 kg of the contained CO (D-024)
  • HydrogenCo-productcompeting hydrogen evolution at the cathode; burnt with the PSA tail gas in the skids' oxidiser (D-012), so no product in the LCA (allocation none, D-024; recovering it is a sensitivity)
  • OxygenCo-productanode product, vented from the anolyte reservoir: an emission without burden or credit in the LCA (D-024)
  • WastewaterWastethe spent anolyte at the end of a campaign (KOH and K2CO3), hazardous alkaline waste to neutralisation (D-024)
  • WastewaterWasteSkid B's anolyte bleed (KOH and K2CO3) to the site effluent after neutralisation (D-024)
  • WastewaterWastethe cathode condensate with the K+ crossed as K2CO3 (D-024)

Utilities: Electricity (AC to the rectifiers (DC to the cells over 0.95) and the auxiliaries: 34.6 kWh per kg CO), Cooling water (the stack heat to the site cooling water (kWh))

Show in the process graph

Reactions

IdAs writtenReactionOther processes
CARBCO2 + 2 KOH → K2CO3 + H2O · Carbonation of the hydroxide by the CO2 that crosses the membraneCO2+2KOHK2CO3+H2O
CO2RCO2 → CO + 1/2 O2 · CO2 reduction to CO with oxygen evolution2CO22CO+O2
COXCO + 1/2 O2 → CO2 · CO oxidation in the tail-gas oxidiser2CO+O22CO28 other processes
HOXH2 + 1/2 O2 → H2O · H2 oxidation in the tail-gas oxidiser (liquid water basis, as WS)2H2+O22H2O6 other processes
WSH2O(l) → H2 + 1/2 O2 · Water splitting (hydrogen evolution at the cathode, oxygen at the anode)2H2O2H2+O22 other processes

Each reaction's page has the conversion, heat of reaction, catalyst and sources this process states, next to those of other processes with the same reaction. All reactions

Life cycle assessment

10.5kg CO2-eqPreliminarypartial, 13 data gaps

Climate change per 1 kg CO product, >=0.99 mol/mol dry, 5.0 bar(a), cradle-to-gate · desnz-gb: 8.08 · mix-de: 13.3 · mix-eu27: 8.99 · mix-fr: 3.14 · mix-glo: 17.6 · skid-b: 10.5 · skid-b-mix-de: 13.3 · skid-b-mix-eu27: 8.99 · skid-b-mix-fr: 3.14 · skid-b-mix-glo: 17.6

Data: UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting 2026 (flat file) (OGL-3.0); Ember Yearly Electricity Data (global): emissions intensity of generation (CC-BY-4.0). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0 (UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting 2026, DESNZ). Ember (2026), Yearly Electricity Data (release 2026-09-15), https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/, CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); subset, converted to kg CO2e/kWh.

Partly assumed factors. Some factors are assumed; see each contribution for its source.

Main contributors
  • Electric power (AC, grid)83.7 %
  • CO2 to the environment16.3 %
  • Demineralised water (humidification, make-up)0 %
Contributions, baseline
8.766 kg CO2-eq1.712 kg CO2-eq4.961e-4 kg CO2-eq10.48 kg CO2-eqElectric power (AC, grid)8.766 kg CO2-eqElectric power (AC, grid): 8.766 kg CO2-eqCO2 to the environment1.712 kg CO2-eqCO2 to the environment: 1.712 kg CO2-eqDemineralised water (humidifi…4.961e-4 kg CO2-eqDemineralised water (humidification, make-up): 4.961e-4 kg CO2-eqOperation10.48 kg CO2-eqOperation: 10.48 kg CO2-eq1 kg CO product, >=…10.48 kg CO2-eq1 kg CO product, >=0.99 mol/mol dry, 5.0 bar(a): 10.48 kg CO2-eq

Each flow of the inventory into its phase, the phases into the functional unit; band widths are impacts. Hatched: a credit.

Method and data
Goal
Screening carbon footprint (climate change only) and a reconciled life cycle inventory of the two CO2-to-CO pilot skids of #330 per kg of CO delivered, for the 1,000 h design campaign: Skid A on one 1 M KOH fill (case skid-a, this study's case) and Skid B on continuous 5 M KOH dosing (case skid-b, its own dataset and scenarios). It serves the comparison of the two anolyte regimes and shows which flows decide it; it is no comparative assertion (ISO 14044 6, no critical review), and the ranking stays undetermined while the flows that distinguish the skids have no factor (DESIGN.md D-026).
Functional unit
1 kg CO product, >=0.99 mol/mol dry, 5.0 bar(a) (1 kg carbon monoxide)
Boundary
cradle-to-gate
Allocation
none
Characterisation
Factors kept with the process · GWP100
Data quality
Partly assumed factors
Result
partial screening carbon footprint · 13 data gaps
Data sources

UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting 2026 (flat file) (UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ)) · 2026 v1.2 (flat file republished 2026-07-31) · OGL-3.0Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0 (UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting 2026, DESNZ).

Ember Yearly Electricity Data (global): emissions intensity of generation (Ember) · release of 2026-09-15 (downloaded 2026-10-25), data year 2025 · CC-BY-4.0Ember (2026), Yearly Electricity Data (release 2026-09-15), https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/, CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); subset, converted to kg CO2e/kWh.

ScenarioClimate change (kg CO2-eq)
baseline10.48
desnz-gb not comparable8.084
mix-de proxy13.26
mix-eu27 proxy8.988
mix-fr proxy3.137
mix-glo proxy17.61
skid-b like-for-like10.48
skid-b-mix-de proxy13.26
skid-b-mix-eu27 proxy8.992
skid-b-mix-fr proxy3.14
skid-b-mix-glo proxy17.62

Inventory per 1 kg CO product, >=0.99 mol/mol dry, 5.0 bar(a) (25 flows)

FlowPhaseDirectionQuantityUnitProvenance
Liquefied CO2 (merchant, ASSUMED fossil by-product, D-016)operationinput3.537kgassumed
1 M KOH fill (campaign-averaged, D-011)operationinput12.15kgassumed
5 M KOH solution (Skid B dosing)operationinput0kgassumed
Demineralised water (humidification, make-up)operationinput2.593kgassumed
Air to the tail-gas oxidiseroperationinput8.475kgassumed
Electric power (AC, grid)operationinput34.56kWhassumed
CO product, >=0.99 mol/mol dry, 5.0 bar(a)operationoutput1.001kgassumed
Oxidiser flue gas to airoperationoutput10.67kgassumed
Anode O2 vented from the reservoiroperationoutput1.564kgassumed
Anolyte bleed to the site effluent (Skid B)operationoutput0kgassumed
Spent anolyte at the end of the campaign (campaign-averaged, D-011)operationoutput12.23kgassumed
Cathode condensate with carbonate to the site effluentoperationoutput1.299kgassumed
Cooling water returnoperationoutput22.11kWhassumed
CO2 to the environmentoperationoutput1.712kgassumed
H2O to the environmentoperationoutput1.465kgassumed
N2 to the environmentoperationoutput6.501kgassumed
O2 to the environmentoperationoutput2.551kgassumed
Bipolar membranes (Fumasep FBM), 28 x 100 cm2operationinput0.000139kgassumed
Disposal: Bipolar membranes (Fumasep FBM), 28 x 100 cm2 (incineration of spent ion-exchange membrane)operationoutput0.000139kgassumed
Silver of the gas-diffusion cathodes, 28 x 100 cm2operationinput0.0000007289kgassumed
Disposal: Silver of the gas-diffusion cathodes, 28 x 100 cm2 (silver recovery by a precious-metal refiner)operationoutput0.0000007289kgassumed
Carbon-paper gas-diffusion layers of the cathodes (Sigracet 39BB), 28 x 100 cm2operationinput0.00006949kgassumed
Disposal: Carbon-paper gas-diffusion layers of the cathodes (Sigracet 39BB), 28 x 100 cm2 (burnt off by the precious-metal refiner in the silver recovery)operationoutput0.00006949kgassumed
Nickel foam anodes, 28 x 100 cm2operationinput0.0002432kgassumed
Disposal: Nickel foam anodes, 28 x 100 cm2 (nickel scrap to recycling)operationoutput0.0002432kgassumed

Computed by ChemE-as-Code from lca/README.md, lca/dataset.yaml, lca/factors.yaml, lca/gaps.csv, lca/inventory.csv, lca/lca.yaml, lca/mappings.yaml, lca/results.csv, lca/results.md.

Design cases and regional scenarios (11)

Technology

CO2 electrolysis to CO in reverse-bias bipolar-membrane cells (Ag gas-diffusion cathode, Ni foam anode, KOH anolyte), 28 cells of 100 cm2 in four stacks on a 48 V DC bus at 200 mA/cm2, PSA gas conditioning with 0.95 CO2 recycle and tail-gas oxidation; Skid A one 1 M KOH fill per campaign, Skid B continuous 5 M KOH dosing, bleed and make-up

Skid A runs: 4 x 7 cells at 200 mA/cm2 on one fill of 1 M KOH that lasts the campaign (duty D-A); train B idle · calculated

Applicable: 200 mA/cm2, 25 C, fresh 1 M KOH (the measured series, experiments/electrochemistry/rbpm-1m-koh.yaml)

Background applicability: Netherlands (NL), 2026. Not a plant location.

Background applicability: NL. Not a plant location. Dashed amber: a background from GB stands in (proxy).
  • Calculation maturity Not assessed
  • Inventory evidencePartial: data gaps1 linked · 2 proxy · 13 missing · 6 no burden · 2 released
  • Independent review Not independently reviewed

Characterised impact per 1 kg CO, none allocation

10.5kg CO2-eqpartial: excludes data gaps

Proxy background: Demineralised water (humidification, make-up) (GB), Electric power (AC, grid) (NL) stands in for Netherlands (NL). Read the number as screening, not as a regional footprint.

Basis: per 1 kg CO · none allocation · boundary: cradle-to-gate.

Shares: CO 100 %. The per-unit value is allocated; the inventories below are for the whole plant and unallocated.

  • 13 exchanges without a burden in some category
  • factors PROXY
  • climate categories only: a carbon footprint, not a multi-impact LCA
  • geography mismatch
  • method mix mismatch

Background-linked inventory per 1 h of operation

ExchangeAmountStateBackgroundRegionYear
Liquefied CO2 (merchant, ASSUMED fossil by-product, D-016)no open factor for merchant liquefied CO2 (capture, purification, liquefaction and delivery of a fossil industrial by-product CO2)0.3563 kgMissing———
1 M KOH fill (campaign-averaged, D-011)no open factor for potassium hydroxide (KOH 100 %, membrane-cell electrolysis of KCl); the exchange counts the 1 M fill solution, its KOH mass fraction in the composition; its dilution water (about 95 % of the mass) is inside this gap, not in feed:WATER1.224 kgMissing———
5 M KOH solution (Skid B dosing)no open factor for potassium hydroxide (KOH 100 %); the exchange counts the 5 M dosing solution, its KOH mass fraction in the composition; its dilution water (about 77 % of the mass) is inside this gap, not in feed:WATER0 kgMissing———
Demineralised water (humidification, make-up)UK mains water supply stands in for demineralised water in NL: the demineralisation (ion exchange or reverse osmosis) is not counted (DESIGN.md D-026)0.2612 kgProxywater-supply-gb-kgGB2026
Electric power (AC, grid)Ember's life-cycle intensity of NL gross generation (no T&D losses) stands in for the AC grid supply at the skid (at the consumer); the same profile for every electricity-mix scenario, so the electricity pair of each differs in no dimension (their verdict is proxy through the water background, DESIGN.md D-026)3.481 kWhProxyember-2025:electricity-nlNL2025
Anolyte bleed to the site effluent (Skid B)no open factor for the neutralisation of an alkaline potassium carbonate solution; its K2CO3 carbon (fossil, from the CO2 feed) is released as CO2 when it is neutralised and is not counted0 kgMissing———
Spent anolyte at the end of the campaign (campaign-averaged, D-011)no open factor for the neutralisation of a spent alkaline potassium carbonate solution; its K2CO3 carbon (fossil, from the CO2 feed) is released as CO2 when it is neutralised and is not counted1.232 kgMissing———
Cathode condensate with carbonate to the site effluentno open factor for the neutralisation of the cathode's potassium carbonate condensate; its K2CO3 carbon (fossil, from the CO2 feed) is released as CO2 when it is neutralised and is not counted0.1309 kgMissing———
Cooling water returnheat rejected to the site cooling water: no open factor for the circuit's pumps, fans, make-up water and treatment; the skids' own power counts the anolyte pump only2.227 kWhMissing———
CO2 to the environment0.1724 kgLinkedipcc2021-gwp100 (124-38-9, air, fossil)——
Bipolar membranes (Fumasep FBM), 28 x 100 cm2no open factor for a bipolar ion-exchange membrane0.000014 kgMissing———
Disposal: Bipolar membranes (Fumasep FBM), 28 x 100 cm2 (incineration of spent ion-exchange membrane)no open factor for the incineration of a spent ion-exchange membrane0.000014 kgMissing———
Silver of the gas-diffusion cathodes, 28 x 100 cm2no open factor for silver sputtered on a carbon gas-diffusion layer0.00000007343 kgMissing———
Carbon-paper gas-diffusion layers of the cathodes (Sigracet 39BB), 28 x 100 cm2no open factor for a carbon-fibre paper gas-diffusion layer with a microporous layer0.000007 kgMissing———
Disposal: Carbon-paper gas-diffusion layers of the cathodes (Sigracet 39BB), 28 x 100 cm2 (burnt off by the precious-metal refiner in the silver recovery)no open factor for burning carbon-fibre paper; its fossil carbon leaves as CO2 and is not counted0.000007 kgMissing———
Nickel foam anodes, 28 x 100 cm2no open factor for nickel foam; the packaged desnz-ghg-2026 construction metals factor is steel-dominated and is not used for nickel (DESIGN.md D-026)0.0000245 kgMissing———
  • 1 factors represent another geography than the plant's (NL): water-supply-gb-kg
  • climate-change: the contributions rest on different characterisation methods: AR4/AR5; AR6; mixed
Foreground inventory design case skid-a, per 1 h of operation, unallocated (25 exchanges)
ExchangeTypeAmountUnitProvenance
Liquefied CO2 (merchant, ASSUMED fossil by-product, D-016)input0.3563kgassumed
1 M KOH fill (campaign-averaged, D-011)input1.224kgassumed
5 M KOH solution (Skid B dosing)input0kgassumed
Demineralised water (humidification, make-up)input0.2612kgassumed
Air to the tail-gas oxidiserinput0.8537kgassumed
Electric power (AC, grid)input3.481kWhassumed
CO product, >=0.99 mol/mol dry, 5.0 bar(a)product0.1008kgassumed
Oxidiser flue gas to airoutput1.074kgassumed
Anode O2 vented from the reservoiroutput0.1575kgassumed
Anolyte bleed to the site effluent (Skid B)output0kgassumed
Spent anolyte at the end of the campaign (campaign-averaged, D-011)output1.232kgassumed
Cathode condensate with carbonate to the site effluentoutput0.1309kgassumed
Cooling water returnoutput2.227kWhassumed
CO2 to the environmentemission0.1724kgassumed
H2O to the environmentemission0.1476kgassumed
N2 to the environmentemission0.6549kgassumed
O2 to the environmentemission0.257kgassumed
Bipolar membranes (Fumasep FBM), 28 x 100 cm2input0.000014kgassumed
Disposal: Bipolar membranes (Fumasep FBM), 28 x 100 cm2 (incineration of spent ion-exchange membrane)output0.000014kgassumed
Silver of the gas-diffusion cathodes, 28 x 100 cm2input0.00000007343kgassumed
Disposal: Silver of the gas-diffusion cathodes, 28 x 100 cm2 (silver recovery by a precious-metal refiner)output0.00000007343kgassumed
Carbon-paper gas-diffusion layers of the cathodes (Sigracet 39BB), 28 x 100 cm2input0.000007kgassumed
Disposal: Carbon-paper gas-diffusion layers of the cathodes (Sigracet 39BB), 28 x 100 cm2 (burnt off by the precious-metal refiner in the silver recovery)output0.000007kgassumed
Nickel foam anodes, 28 x 100 cm2input0.0000245kgassumed
Disposal: Nickel foam anodes, 28 x 100 cm2 (nickel scrap to recycling)output0.0000245kgassumed

Foreground fingerprint 3340ca6bae0c; the same for every background of this case.

Scenario co2-electrolysis-to-co-two-0.1-kg-h-pilot-skids-reverse-bias-bpm-28-cells-of-100-cm2-each/skid-a/baseline · machine-readable record

In the open LCI database (cheme-as-code-atlas-preview-a3c52e4) as Carbon monoxide, CO product, >=0.99 mol/mol dry, 5.0 bar(a) Preliminary; Carbon monoxide, CO product, >=0.99 mol/mol dry, 5.0 bar(a) Preliminary.

Download it for Brightway, openLCA and other tools.

In the LCI database: system model, datasets and KPIs against the benchmarks

In the LCI database

Status
Preliminary 12 unmapped exchanges. Some exchanges have no background mapping yet: they are exported unlinked and count no burden, so the inventory is incomplete.
System model
attributional, cut-off (methodology 1.1.0)
Allocation
none (single-output, from study) · product:CO 100 %
Allocation
none (single-output, from dataset) · product:CO 100 %
Allocation findings
none
Change report
Not available: this build has no change report against an earlier release.
Dataset pages
Carbon monoxide, CO product, >=0.99 mol/mol dry, 5.0 bar(a) Preliminary · Carbon monoxide, CO product, >=0.99 mol/mol dry, 5.0 bar(a) Preliminary

KPI benchmark positions: not available (no benchmarked KPI for this process's datasets).

Maturity and review

Design maturity Concept (claimed): An idea or first flowsheet; numbers are rough. Measured data and a cell balance on them. The WDE series and the measured series (voltage, Faradaic efficiencies) are calculated from the pinned raw files with the paper's equations and SI Note 5 (DESIGN.md D-002, D-005) and are not compared with anything in this folder. A held-out reproduction in benchmarks/reproductions/vermaas-rbpm-wde/ compares the series with the published values (ADR 0032); its result is not validation of this design. The bench cell's Faraday balance (process/cells.yaml, D-006) is bookkeeping on the measured values. The pilot skids (#330) are sized by core's stack and duty tools on those values; their results are compared with hand expectations frozen before the first run (results/expected.yaml, tests/test_co2_electrolysis_bpm_skids.py), not with plant data, and FE, WDE and U are held constant over campaigns 1,000 to 10,000 times longer than measured. Not reviewed.

Calculation maturity, from the checked evidenceNot assessed

The process has no maturity report (cheme maturity, checks/maturity.json), so no calculation maturity is established.

No level shownThe design maturity (Concept) is the manifest's claim, not evidence. A level appears here once the process's repository holds a current report from cheme maturity --write.

Artifact completeness

Which deliverables exist. They never raise a calculation maturity level: a drawing from unchecked numbers is still unchecked.

Not reported without a maturity report.

Independent review

Not independently reviewed

No independent engineering review yet. Automated checks passing is not a review.

Set by people only. Reaching a calculation maturity level or passing automated checks is not an independent review or an approval.

Where the evidence comes from
Report
processes/co2-electrolysis-bpm-1/checks/maturity.json (not in the library)
Design basis
process/design-basis.yaml
Method
How ChemE-as-Code checks the levels (requirement by requirement)

Open items

0 open items · 0 closed

New action itemNew engineering holdNew technical queryNew design changeAll issues

Sources

Engineering project
co2-electrolysis-bpm-1 · cheme-as-code>=1.5
Library version
a3c52e4 (process last changed in a3c52e4)
Drawings rendered by
cheme 1.6.0 (pyDEXPI 2.1.0)
Data
Catalog record (JSON) · CC-BY-4.0
Files
View the files on GitHub · change history and authors

References

  • Prats Vergel, G., Mu, H., Kolobov, N., Biemolt, J., Vermaas, D.A., Burdyny, T. (2025) Water dissociation efficiencies control the viability of reverse-bias bipolar membranes for CO2 electrolysis. Nature Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44286-025-00306-7
  • Prats Vergel, G. et al. (2025) Data underlying the publication: Water Dissociation Efficiencies control the viability of reverse-bias bipolar membranes for CO2 electrolysis. 4TU.ResearchData, version 1 (CC BY 4.0) · doi:10.4121/5c4fc325-a71b-4ca8-9c1b-01c0405936a2.v1

How to cite

For the data, cite the Process Atlas paper; for the platform that builds and checks it, the ChemE-as-Code paper.

Schweidtmann, A. M. & Weber, J. M. (2026, in preparation). Process Atlas: an open, git-native, reproducible library and life cycle inventory of chemical processes (working title).

For this process: "CO2 electrolysis to CO in reverse-bias bipolar-membrane cells (measured bench cell, two pilot skids)", ChemE-as-Code process library, version a3c52e4.

BibTeX
@unpublished{schweidtmann_process_atlas,
  author = {Schweidtmann, Artur M. and Weber, Jana M.},
  title = {{Process Atlas: an open, git-native, reproducible library and life cycle inventory of chemical processes (working title)}},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://atlas.cheme-as-code.org},
  note = {in preparation}
}

Schweidtmann, A. M. (2026). ChemE-as-Code: An Open-Source Platform for Agentic AI in Chemical Engineering. arXiv:2611.07947. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2611.07947

BibTeX
@misc{schweidtmann_cheme_as_code,
  author = {Schweidtmann, Artur M.},
  title = {{ChemE-as-Code: An Open-Source Platform for Agentic AI in Chemical Engineering}},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2611.07947},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2611.07947},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.07947}
}