substance
Water
- Formula
- H2O
- CAS
- 7732-18-5
- InChIKey
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- ChEBI
- CHEBI:15377
Made by
- Urea by CO2 stripping, total recycle, prilling (2000 t/d, concept)By-productConcept · not reviewed
Used by
- Acetaldehyde by the one-stage Wacker oxidation of ethylene (100 kt/a)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Acetone and phenol from cumene (cumene hydroperoxide route, 200 kt/a phenol)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Alumina by the Bayer process (3000 t/d smelter-grade alumina, concept)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Bromine from bromide brine by chlorine oxidation and steaming-out (Smackover-type brine)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Chlor-alkali by membrane-cell electrolysis (100 kt/a Cl2, 50 wt-% caustic soda, hydrogen)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene (100 000 t/a anhydrous, phosphoric acid catalyst)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Ethylbenzene by liquid-phase zeolite alkylation of benzene with ethyleneFeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Ethylene glycol by ethylene oxide hydration (glycols-only EO/EG plant, 1200 t/d MEG)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Formaldehyde by methanol oxidation over iron molybdate (Formox type, 20 t/h formalin 50 wt%)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Formic acid 85 wt% by methanol carbonylation and methyl formate hydrolysis (50 kt/a)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Refined glycerol (USP) from biodiesel crude glycerol (10 000 t/a, concept)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Hydrazine hydrate by the peroxide process (PCUK, methyl ethyl ketazine route, 16 kt/a)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Hydrogen by natural-gas steam methane reforming with PSA (100 000 Nm3/h, steam export)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Hydrogen bromide synthesis burner with catalytic finishing and absorption (48 wt-% hydrobromic acid)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Hydrogen chloride synthesis burner and absorption (33 wt-% hydrochloric acid, steam recovery)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Hydrogen peroxide by the anthraquinone autoxidation process (50 kt/a H2O2, 50 wt%)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Hydroxylammonium sulfate by catalytic NO hydrogenation (30 kt/a NH2OH, 25 wt% solution)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Iodine from natural iodide brine by chlorine oxidation, air blowing-out and SO2 absorption (1000 t/a)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Isobutene by MTBE cracking (50 kt/a, gas-phase cleavage)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- N-Bromosuccinimide by semi-batch bromination of succinimide in aqueous NaOH (500 t/a)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Natural gas processing (amine CO2 removal, TEG dehydration, turbo-expander NGL recovery)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Weak nitric acid by dual-pressure ammonia oxidation (1000 t/d HNO3 as 60 wt% acid)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Phosgene from CO and chlorine over activated carbon (17.3 t/h liquid phosgene, captive)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Phosphorus oxychloride from white phosphorus, chlorine and oxygen via PCl3 (4.0 t/h)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Potassium permanganate from MnO2 ore by KOH roasting and electrolysis (1250 kg/h, concept)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Soda ash by the Solvay ammonia-soda process (1000 t/d light ash, concept)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Styrene by adiabatic catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzeneFeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Sulfuric acid from sulfur burning, double contact / double absorption (1000 t/d, 98.5 wt%)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Thionyl chloride from sulfur, chlorine and SO2 over activated carbon (3.75 t/h)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Cooling water, evaporative cooling tower, 25/35 degCFeedstockConcept · not reviewed
- Steam generation, natural-gas boiler, saturated 11 bar(a)FeedstockConcept · not reviewed
Emitted by
- Hydrogen by natural-gas steam methane reforming with PSA (100 000 Nm3/h, steam export)WasteConcept · not reviewed
- Methanol synthesis loop and purification (2500 t/d Grade AA, natural-gas syngas)WasteConcept · not reviewed
- Styrene by adiabatic catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzeneEmissionConcept · not reviewed
- Cooling water, evaporative cooling tower, 25/35 degCEmissionConcept · not reviewed
- Steam generation, natural-gas boiler, saturated 11 bar(a)EmissionConcept · not reviewed
- Wastewater treatment, activated sludgeEmissionConcept · not reviewed
Takes part in
- 2Al(OH)3givesAl2O3+3H2OProduct · Hydrate calcination · one process
- 2C2H2+5O2gives4CO2+2H2OProduct · one process
- 2C2H4+2HCl+3O2gives2CH3Cl+2CO2+2H2OProduct · one process
- 2C2H4+H2Oin equilibrium withC4H10OReactant · one process
- 2C2H4OgivesC4H6O+H2OProduct · one process
- 2C2H6+7O2gives4CO2+6H2OProduct · Combustion of ethane · 4 processes
- 2C4H10O2givesC8H18O3+H2OProduct · one process
- 2C4H2+9O2gives8CO2+2H2OProduct · one process
- 2NH3+H2O2+2C4H8OgivesC8H16N2+4H2OProduct · one process
- 2C6H5NO2+6H2givesC12H11N+NH3+4H2OProduct · one process
- 2C6H6+15O2gives12CO2+6H2OProduct · one process
- 2CH2O+O2gives2CO+2H2OProduct · one process
- 2CH4+2NH3+3O2gives2CHN+6H2OProduct · one process
- 2CH4O+3O2gives2CO2+4H2OProduct · 2 processes
- 2CH4O+O2gives2CH2O+2H2OProduct · one process
- 2CH4OgivesC2H6O+H2OProduct · 3 processes
- 2NaHCO3+H2SO4givesNa2SO4+2CO2+2H2OProduct · Neutralisation of the brine alkalinity by the acid (R-101) · one process
- 2NaHCO3givesNa2CO3+CO2+H2OProduct · Bicarbonate calcination (steam calciner) · one process
- C2H6+2H2Oin equilibrium with2CO+5H2Reactant · one process
- 2H2+O2in equilibrium with2H2OProduct · Combustion of the oxygen in the chlorine feed with excess hydrogen · one process
- 2H2+O2gives2H2OProduct · 6 processes
- 2K2MnO4+2H2Ogives2KMnO4+2KOH+H2Reactant · Anodic oxidation of manganate to permanganate (overall cell reaction) · one process
- 2NaCl+2H2OgivesCl2+H2+2NaOHReactant · Chlor-alkali electrolysis (overall cell reaction) · one process
- 4NO+3O2+2H2Ogives4HNO3Reactant · 2 processes
- 4NO2+O2+2H2Ogives4HNO3Reactant · one process
- I2+SO2+2H2Ogives2HI+H2SO4Reactant · Reduction of the blown-out iodine by sulfur dioxide (T-202) · one process
- NaAlO2+2H2OgivesAl(OH)3+NaOHReactant · Seeded gibbsite precipitation · one process
- 2H2Ogives2H2+O2Reactant · Anodic oxygen from back-migrated hydroxide (net water electrolysis) · 2 processes
- 2H2O2gives2H2O+O2Product · Peroxide decomposition · 2 processes
- Na2CO3+2HClgives2NaCl+H2O+CO2Product · Neutralisation of excess carbonate with hydrochloric acid · one process
- SiO2+2KOHgivesK2SiO3+H2OProduct · Attack of silica gangue by KOH (alkali loss) · one process
- 2LIG+2NaOH+O2gives2NaOXL+2H2OProduct · Oxidative lignin dissolution in the O2 stage · one process
- 2NaEXT+53O2givesNa2CO3+39CO2+29H2OProduct · Combustion of resin soap · one process
- SO2+2NaOHgivesNa2SO3+H2OProduct · one process
- 2NaOHgivesNa2O+H2OProduct · Occluded soda fixed as Na2O in the calciner · one process
- 2NaISA+12O2givesNa2CO3+11CO2+11H2OProduct · Combustion of sodium isosaccharinate · one process
- 2NaLIG+23O2givesNa2CO3+19CO2+11H2OProduct · Combustion of sodium lignate · one process
- 2NaOXL+22O2givesNa2CO3+19CO2+11H2OProduct · Combustion of oxidised sodium lignate · one process
- 2NH3+2O2givesN2O+3H2OProduct · Ammonia oxidation to nitrous oxide (side reaction) · 3 processes
- 3Al2Si2O5(OH)4+8NaOHgivesDSP+9H2OProduct · Desilication (kaolinite to sodalite-type desilication product) · one process
- 3CaH2O2+2NaAlO2+4H2OgivesCa3Al2(OH)12+2NaOHReactant · Lime in aluminate liquor to tricalcium aluminate · one process
- C3H8+3H2Oin equilibrium with3CO+7H2Reactant · one process
- 3NaNO2+2HNO3gives3NaNO3+2NO+H2OProduct · Inversion of sodium nitrite to sodium nitrate with nitric acid · one process
- 4C5H9NO+27O2gives20CO2+18H2O+2N2Product · one process
- 4CHN+5O2gives4CO2+2H2O+2N2Product · one process
- 2MnO2+4KOH+O2gives2K2MnO4+2H2OProduct · Oxidation of MnO2 to potassium manganate in KOH with air (roaster) · one process
- 4KMnO4+4KOHgives4K2MnO4+O2+2H2OProduct · Reversion of recycled permanganate to manganate in the hot KOH melt · one process
- SOCl2+4NaOHgivesNa2SO3+2NaCl+2H2OProduct · one process
- 4NH3+3O2gives2N2+6H2OProduct · Ammonia oxidation to nitrogen (side reaction) · 4 processes
- 4NO+4NH3+O2gives4N2+6H2OProduct · one process
- 4NH3+5O2gives4NO+6H2OProduct · Ammonia oxidation to nitric oxide · 3 processes
- 5CELL+24ClO2+24NaOHgives30CO2+24NaCl+37H2OProduct · Oxidation of carbohydrate by the ClO2 not used on lignin (yield loss) · one process
- 2NO+5H2+H2SO4givesH8N2O4S+2H2OProduct · one process
- 5LIG+2ClO2+2NaOHgives5OXL+2NaCl+H2OProduct · Lignin oxidation by chlorine dioxide (5 electrons per ClO2) · one process
- PCl3+5NaOHgivesNA2HPO3+3NaCl+2H2OProduct · one process
- 2Cl2S2+6NaOHgivesNa2S2O3+2S+4NaCl+3H2OProduct · one process
- 2Cl2S+6NaOHgivesNa2S2O3+4NaCl+3H2OProduct · one process
- POCl3+6NaOHgivesNa3PO4+3NaCl+3H2OProduct · one process
- Al(OH)3+NaOHgivesNaAlO2+2H2OProduct · Gibbsite digestion · one process
- C4H5NO2+NaOH+Br2givesC4H4BrNO2+NaBr+H2OProduct · Bromination of succinimide in aqueous NaOH · one process
- C2H2O+2O2gives2CO2+H2OProduct · one process
- C2H4+3O2gives2CO2+2H2OProduct · Total combustion of ethylene (side reaction, R-101) · 4 processes
- C2H4+H2Oin equilibrium withC2H6OReactant · one process
- C2H4+HCl+O2givesC2H3ClO+H2OProduct · one process
- C2H4O+H2OgivesC2H6O2Reactant · Hydration of EO to monoethylene glycol · one process
- C2H4O2+2O2gives2CO2+2H2OProduct · one process
- C2H4O2+CO+2H2givesC3H6O2+H2OProduct · one process
- C2H4O2+H2Oin equilibrium withCH2O2+CH4OReactant · one process
- C2H4O2+NH3givesC2H5NO+H2OProduct · one process
- C2H4O2givesC2H2O+H2OProduct · one process
- C2H6+2H2Ogives2CO+5H2Reactant · one process
- C2H6O+3O2gives2CO2+3H2OProduct · one process
- CH4O+C2H7Nin equilibrium withC3H9N+H2OProduct · one process
- CH4O+CH5Nin equilibrium withC2H7N+H2OProduct · one process
- C3H8+3H2Ogives3CO+7H2Reactant · one process
- C3H8+5O2gives3CO2+4H2OProduct · Combustion of propane · 3 processes
- C4H10O2givesC4H8O+H2OProduct · one process
- 2NH3+2H2O2+C4H8OgivesN2+C4H10O+4H2OProduct · one process
- C6H5NO2+3H2givesC6H7N+2H2OProduct · one process
- C6H5NO2+4H2givesC6H6+NH3+2H2OProduct · one process
- C9H12O+C6H6OgivesC15H16O+H2OProduct · one process
- C8H16N2+2H2OgivesN2H4+2C4H8OReactant · one process
- C9H12OgivesC9H10+H2OProduct · one process
- 2HCl+CaH2O2givesCaCl2+2H2OProduct · Neutralisation of the tail brine's hydrochloric acid with hydrated lime · one process
- CaH2O2+2NH4ClgivesCaCl2+2NH3+2H2OProduct · Ammonia liberation with milk of lime (distiller) · one process
- CaO+H2OgivesCaH2O2Reactant · Lime slaking · 3 processes
- CH2O+O2givesCO2+H2OProduct · one process
- CH3NaO+H2O+COgivesCHNaO2+CH4OReactant · one process
- CH4+2O2givesCO2+2H2OProduct · Natural gas combustion (calciner) · 10 processes
- CH4+H2Oin equilibrium withCO+3H2Reactant · 2 processes
- CH4+H2OgivesCO+3H2Reactant · one process
- 2NH3+CO2in equilibrium withCH4N2O+H2OProduct · one process
- CH4N2O+H2Ogives2NH3+CO2Reactant · one process
- CH4O+H2givesCH4+H2OProduct · one process
- CO2+3H2in equilibrium withCH4O+H2OProduct · one process
- CH4O+HClgivesCH3Cl+H2OProduct · one process
- CH4O+NH3in equilibrium withCH5N+H2OProduct · one process
- CHN+NaOHgivesNaCN+H2OProduct · one process
- Cl2+SO2+2H2Ogives2HCl+H2SO4Reactant · Reduction of the blown-out excess chlorine by sulfur dioxide (T-202) · one process
- Cl2+2NaOHgivesNaCl+NaOCl+H2OProduct · 2 processes
- Na2SO3+Cl2+2NaOHgivesNa2SO4+2NaCl+H2OProduct · Chemical dechlorination with sulfite in alkaline brine · 2 processes
- CO+3H2givesCH4+H2OProduct · one process
- CO+H2Oin equilibrium withCO2+H2Reactant · 3 processes
- CO+H2OgivesCO2+H2Reactant · one process
- CO2+2NaOHgivesNa2CO3+H2OProduct · Carbonation of residual alkali in the furnace · 2 processes
- CO2+4H2givesCH4+2H2OProduct · one process
- NaCl+NH3+CO2+H2OgivesNaHCO3+NH4ClReactant · Carbonation and bicarbonate precipitation (carbonating towers) · one process
- COCl2+4NaOHgivesNa2CO3+2NaCl+2H2OProduct · one process
- COCl2+H2OgivesCO2+2HClReactant · one process
- EXTR+NaOHgivesNaEXT+H2OProduct · Saponification of extractives to resin soap · one process
- 2NO+H2givesN2O+H2OProduct · one process
- H2O2+H2gives2H2OProduct · one process
- SO3+H2OgivesH2SO4Reactant · one process
- LIG+H2O2givesOXL+H2OProduct · Lignin oxidation by hydrogen peroxide · one process
- H2SO4+2NaOHgivesNa2SO4+2H2OProduct · Neutralisation of the sulfuric acid of the spent brine (R-401) · 3 processes
- NaOH+HClgivesNaCl+H2OProduct · Neutralisation of caustic and hydrochloric acid · 3 processes
- HI+NaOHgivesNaI+H2OProduct · Neutralisation of the residual hydriodic acid of the spent brine (R-401) · one process
- LIG+NaOHgivesNaLIG+H2OProduct · Lignin dissolution as sodium lignate · one process
- Na2CO3+2HNO3gives2NaNO3+CO2+H2OProduct · Neutralisation of the residual carbonate with nitric acid · one process