Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of 1,3-butadiene, with raffinate-1 and an acetylenes purge to fuel as co-products: a typical naphtha-cracker C4 cut, the licensor's recovery bound and IEA Western European energy averages. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Crude C4 cut→1,3-Butadiene, C3 and C4 acetylenes purge of butadiene extraction, Raffinate-1 (C4 raffinate)
Concept · not reviewed
Ethylene and oxygen react in an aqueous PdCl2/CuCl2 catalyst solution in a boiling bubble column; the cycle gas is cooled, scrubbed with water and recycled with a purge, and the crude acetaldehyde is purified in two live-steam columns. Ethylene and oxygen are boundary feeds. Concept stage.
Ethylene, Hydrogen chloride, Oxygen, Water→Acetaldehyde
Concept · not reviewed
Liquid-phase carbonylation of methanol with carbon monoxide on an iridium/ruthenium catalyst with methyl iodide promoter, a flash heated with reactor heat, light-ends, drying and heavy-ends columns and methanol scrubbing of the vents, to glacial acetic acid. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen, Iodomethane (methyl iodide), Methanol→Acetic acid
Concept · not reviewed
Acetic acid cracked to ketene at 700 C under vacuum with a triethyl phosphate catalyst, ketene absorbed and reacted in acetic acid, crude anhydride distilled to 99.5 wt%; the dilute acid is recovered and the vent gas fuels the furnace. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Acetic acid, Air, Ammonia, Methane, Triethyl phosphate→Acetic anhydride
Concept · not reviewed
Cumene is oxidised with air to cumene hydroperoxide, concentrated under vacuum and cleaved with sulfuric acid to phenol and acetone; the product is neutralised and fractionated, and alpha-methylstyrene is hydrogenated back to cumene. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI per kg acetone (foreground only).
Air, Cumene, Hydrogen, Sodium hydroxide, Sulfuric acid, Water→Acetone, Phenol
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: PCl3 is dosed over 2 h into acetic acid at 313 K, the mixture settles into an upper acetyl chloride and a lower crude phosphorous acid phase, and the upper phase is distilled. Concept stage, 1460 kg per batch every 5.78 h on a dedicated train, thermal screening with a rate-constant sensitivity, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Acetic acid, Nitrogen, Phosphorus trichloride, Water→Acetyl chloride, Phosphorous acid (phosphonic acid)
Concept · not reviewed
Natural gas and oxygen, preheated to 600 C, react in a BASF-type burner; the cracked gas is water-quenched, freed of soot, compressed and washed with N-methylpyrrolidone, which yields 99.5 % acetylene and leaves a hydrogen-rich synthesis gas as co-product. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Air, Methane, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, Oxygen→Acetylene, Synthesis gas
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of adipic acid, with and without catalytic N2O decomposition: feeds from stoichiometry with US EPA yield ranges, N2O from the IPCC 2006 defaults, energy from IEA Western European averages, air emissions from AP-42. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Cyclohexane, Nitric acid→Adipic acid
Concept · not reviewed
Smelter-grade alumina from Guinean gibbsitic bauxite by the Bayer process: low-temperature caustic digestion, red mud settling, washing and filtration, seeded gibbsite precipitation, spent liquor evaporation and gas suspension calcination; caustic and lime make-up, bauxite residue and calciner CO2 explicit. Concept stage, assumed liquor basis.
Air, Bauxite, Calcium oxide, Methane, Sodium hydroxide, Water→Aluminium oxide
Concept · not reviewed
Conventional natural-gas ammonia plant: desulfurisation, prereforming, fired primary and air-blown secondary reforming, HT/LT shift, aMDEA CO2 removal (CO2 vented), methanation, drying, a 150 bar synthesis loop with refrigeration and purge recovery, to refrigerated liquid ammonia. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Air, Methane, Water→Ammonia, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Tier 0 screening per tonne of 25 wt% aqueous ammonia: feeds from the product's strength, heat rejected to cooling water from published heats of solution, pump electricity ASSUMED. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Ammonia, Water→Ammonium hydroxide
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventories per tonne of solid ammonium nitrate and per tonne of calcium ammonium nitrate (about 27 % N, limestone filler): feeds from stoichiometry with sourced losses, utilities and emissions from EU LVIC-AAF BREF chapter 9. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Ammonia, Limestone, Nitric acid→Ammonium nitrate, Calcium ammonium nitrate
Concept · not reviewed
Tier 0 screening per tonne of crystalline ammonium sulfate from a continuous saturator-crystallizer: stoichiometry with US EPA dryer dust, no crystallizer heat (the heat of reaction evaporates the water, rejected to cooling water by an NBS enthalpy balance), an estimated dryer steam, electricity an ASSUMED analogue from solid ammonium nitrate. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Ammonia, Sulfuric acid, Water→Ammonium sulfate
Concept · not reviewed
Tier 0 screening per tonne of anhydrous HI: stoichiometry H2 + I2 -> 2 HI with the iodine conversion of a continuous 100-hour patent run, unconverted feed lost by the Hischier rule, electricity and heat from core's defaults. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Hydrogen, Iodine→Hydrogen iodide
Concept · not reviewed
Nitrobenzene is evaporated into a large hydrogen recycle and hydrogenated to aniline over a palladium/alumina fixed bed; the reaction heat raises MP steam, the condensate is decanted, the process water stripped and the crude aniline dried and distilled. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate inventory.
Hydrogen, Nitrobenzene→Aniline, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of benzene, toluene and mixed xylenes together, with raffinate and C9+ aromatics as co-products: a typical reformate slate (US DOE 2000) and midpoints of the EU LVOC BREF utility ranges for BTX extraction units. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Reformate, Water→Raffinate of aromatics extraction, Benzene, C9+ aromatics (heavy aromatics cut), Toluene, Mixed xylenes
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: benzotrichloride is dosed over 2 h into molten benzoic acid with zinc chloride at 140 C; the HCl it forms leaves as gas and is absorbed to 30 wt% hydrochloric acid, and the crude is distilled at 50 mbar through a packed column. Concept stage, 1229 kg per batch every 4.9 h on a dedicated train, thermal screening with a rate-constant sensitivity, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Benzoic acid, Benzotrichloride, Nitrogen, Water, Zinc chloride→Benzoyl chloride, Hydrogen chloride
Concept · not reviewed
Tier 0 screening per tonne of reagent-grade benzyl alcohol: feeds, by-product, water and heat from a 1982 patent's pilot example, brine and CO2 by stoichiometry, electricity from core's default. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Benzyl chloride, Sodium carbonate, Water→Benzyl alcohol
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: bromine is dosed over 5 h into excess toluene at 363 K under lamps; the HBr is absorbed to 48 wt% acid, and the crude is stripped of its toluene (recycled) and distilled under vacuum through a packed column. Concept stage, 887.3 kg per batch every 7.03 h on a dedicated train, thermal screening with a rate-constant sensitivity, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Bromine, Nitrogen, Toluene, Water→Benzyl bromide, Hydrogen bromide
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: phosgene gas (phosgene-1) is dosed over 10 h into neat benzyl alcohol at 278 K and 50 kPa(a), the HCl vented as it forms; the crude is degassed in the same vessel and leaves neat, the off-gas to a caustic scrubber. Concept stage, 1770 kg per batch every 14.0 h, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Benzyl alcohol, Nitrogen, Phosgene, Sodium hydroxide, Water→Benzyl chloroformate
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of polymer-grade ethylene from bought bio-ethanol: the ethanol feed from a published simulation's yield, by-products from the stoichiometry of its eight reactions, utilities from the same study. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Ethanol, Sodium hydroxide→Ethylene
Concept · not reviewed
Softwood chips to bleached kraft market pulp: continuous digester, brown stock washing, O2 delignification, ECF bleaching outline, drying machine, black liquor evaporation, recovery boiler, recausticizing and lime kiln, with the turbine generator; biogenic and fossil CO2 kept apart. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Air, Calcium oxide, Chlorine dioxide, Hydrogen peroxide, Methane, Oxygen, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium sulfate, Sulfuric acid, Water, Wood chips→Bleached kraft pulp, Electricity
Concept · not reviewed
A hot Smackover-type brine (4 300 mg/kg bromide) is chlorinated and steam-stripped in a steaming-out tower; the bromine is condensed, separated from bromine water, freed of chlorine and dried with sulfuric acid; the tail brine is neutralised with lime and reinjected. Chlorine from chlor-alkali-1. Concept stage, 30 kt/a Br2, assumed basis.
Calcium hydroxide, Chlorine, Sulfuric acid, Water→Bromine
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: bromine is dosed into cold caustic to hypobromite, then acetone into the hypobromite; CBr4 precipitates, is filtered, washed and vacuum-dried, half of the bromine leaving as NaBr. Concept stage, 451 kg per batch every 11.4 h on a dedicated train, thermal screening of both dosed steps, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Acetone, Bromine, Nitrogen, Sodium hydroxide, Tetrabutylammonium bromide, Water→Carbon tetrabromide
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of C5+ reformate, with hydrogen, LPG and fuel gas as co-products: utilities from EU REF BREF ranges, a mass and hydrogen balance over pseudo-components with PRELIM's hydrogen contents. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Naphtha, Water→Hydrogen, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), Refinery fuel gas, Reformate
Concept · not reviewed
Utility dataset: cold delivered as chilled water at 6 degC by an electric vapour-compression chiller, per MWh of cold, with a Carnot-fraction COP and its heat rejected to cooling water. Incomplete: refrigerant losses are not counted yet.
Electricity→Chilled water
Concept · not reviewed
Bipolar membrane-cell electrolysis of recirculated rock-salt brine to dry chlorine gas, 50 wt-% caustic soda and hydrogen, with brine purification, dechlorination, chlorine drying and compression and double-effect caustic evaporation. Concept stage, balanced PFD and a preliminary unallocated gate-to-gate inventory.
Hydrogen chloride, Sodium carbonate, Sodium chloride, Sodium sulfite, Sulfuric acid, Water→Chlorine, Hydrogen, Sodium hydroxide
Concept · not reviewed
Methanol and anhydrous hydrogen chloride react over alumina to methyl chloride and water; the gas is quenched, dried with sulfuric acid (which also takes up the dimethyl ether by-product), compressed, condensed and freed of HCl in a light-ends column. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI per kg methyl chloride (foreground only).
Hydrogen chloride, Methanol, Nitrogen, Sulfuric acid→Chloromethane (methyl chloride)
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of dense-phase CO2 at 15.3 MPa: the wet stripper-vent gas of an ammonia plant is compressed, dried with triethylene glycol and cooled, after the US NETL study of industrial capture (2023). No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Carbon dioxide, Triethylene glycol, Water→Carbon dioxide
Concept · not reviewed
CO2 electrolysis to CO on Ag in reverse-bias bipolar-membrane cells with a KOH anolyte, grounded in measured water dissociation efficiencies (Prats Vergel et al., 2025). Concept: the measured bench cell and two 0.1 kg/h CO pilot skids for 1,000 and 10,000 h campaigns, one KOH fill (too tall for its frame at 10,000 h) against continuous dosing (1.8 times the KOH).
Carbon dioxide, Potassium hydroxide, Water→Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Concept · not reviewed
Utility dataset: heat rejection from cooling water (25 degC supply, 35 degC return) in a mechanical-draught wet cooling tower, per MWh rejected: make-up water, evaporation, drift, blowdown, pump and fan power from the air-side energy balance; design parameters ASSUMED.
Water→Cooling water
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: chlorine is dosed into a hot sodium chloride brine over excess copper, the copper(I) chloride stays dissolved, and seven volumes of deoxygenated water precipitate it; it is filtered, washed with dilute acid and ethanol and vacuum-dried. Concept stage, 355.0 kg per batch every 9.37 h, preliminary LCI.
Chlorine, Copper, Ethanol, Hydrogen chloride, Sodium chloride, Water→Copper(I) chloride
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of crude oil (atmospheric unit) and per tonne of atmospheric residue (vacuum unit): cut yields from one public crude assay, utilities as midpoints of REF BREF ranges, furnace emissions from IPCC defaults. All cuts unallocated co-products. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Atmospheric residue, Crude oil, Water→Atmospheric residue, Gas oil (straight-run), Kerosene, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), Naphtha, Refinery fuel gas, Vacuum gas oil, Vacuum residue
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of crude steel from an integrated works (coke ovens, sinter plant, blast furnace, BOF): EU Iron and Steel BREF per-tonne data chained, CO2 from an IPCC 2006 Tier 2 carbon balance. Converter heats taken as a time average. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Argon, Calcium oxide, Coking coal, Dolomite, Ferroalloys, Hard coal, Heavy fuel oil, Iron ore, Iron ore pellets, Limestone, Methane, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Steel scrap→Benzene, Blast furnace slag, Coal tar, Crude steel, Steelmaking slag, Sulfur
Concept · not reviewed
Double-column cryogenic air separation without argon column, producing 500 t/d gaseous oxygen at 30 barg and 10,000 Nm3/h pipeline nitrogen, with LOX/LIN backup storage.
Air→Nitrogen, Oxygen
Screening · level Balanced · not reviewed12 open items
Tier 0 screening per tonne of cumene: stoichiometry with a licensor's benzene figure and net steam, US EPA facility air emissions, electricity from core's default. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Benzene, Propylene→Cumene
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: potassium tert-butoxide in recovered hexane takes up CO2 and then phosgene in one semi-batch at 278 K (CO2 vented to a caustic scrubber); the hexane is stripped and recycled, the Boc2O melt washed and distilled under vacuum from a paraffin heel. Concept stage, 655.71 kg per batch every 10.39 h, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Carbon dioxide, n-Hexane, Nitrogen, Phosgene, Potassium tert-butoxide, Sodium hydroxide, Triethylenediamine (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), Water, White mineral oil (liquid paraffin)→Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate
Concept · not reviewed
Vapour-phase hydration of polymer-grade ethylene over phosphoric acid on silica with a large gas recycle, water scrubbing, light-ends and concentrating distillation and molecular-sieve dehydration to anhydrous ethanol. Concept stage, assumed basis, gate-to-gate LCI with unmapped backgrounds.
Ethylene, Water→Ethanol
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of ethylbenzene: feeds from stoichiometry with the sourced tar, utilities as midpoints of EU LVOC BREF ranges. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Benzene, Ethylene, Water→Ethylbenzene
Concept · not reviewed
Ethane steam cracking with ethane and propane recycle, quench, cracked-gas compression with caustic wash and drying, front-end demethaniser, tail-end acetylene hydrogenation and C2/C3 splitters to polymer-grade ethylene and propylene, crude C4 and pyrolysis gasoline. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI with unmapped backgrounds.
Air, Ethane, Methane, Sodium hydroxide, Water→Crude C4 cut, Ethylene, Propylene, Pyrolysis gasoline, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Ethylene and pipeline oxygen to ethylene oxide over silver with methane ballast, water absorption and stripping, hot-carbonate CO2 removal, thermal hydration with excess water, multi-effect evaporation and vacuum distillation to MEG, DEG and TEG. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate inventory.
Ethylene, Methane, Oxygen, Water→Diethylene glycol, Ethylene glycol (monoethylene glycol), Triethylene glycol
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of blended FT liquid fuel from H2 and captured CO2: feeds, product and utility power from one open process simulation (König et al. 2015), burner flue gas and water from the element balance. Electrolysis and capture are outside. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen→Fischer-Tropsch liquid fuel
Concept · not reviewed
Utility dataset: combustion of waste gas (taken as methane) in an elevated flare, per kg flared: CO2 and water of the burnt fraction and the unburnt methane at an ASSUMED combustion efficiency.
Air, Waste gas to flare→Waste gas to flare
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of fresh feed: yields from a worked example of published FCC correlations, utilities and regenerator emissions as midpoints of EU REF BREF ranges, coke-burn CO2 from the coke's carbon, CH4 and N2O from IPCC defaults. Five co-products, unallocated. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Vacuum gas oil→FCC gasoline (cracked naphtha), Heavy cycle oil and slurry oil, Light cycle oil, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), Refinery fuel gas
Concept · not reviewed
Methanol is vaporised into a recycle-diluted air stream, oxidised over an iron molybdate catalyst below the explosion limit, and the formaldehyde absorbed in water to 50 wt% formalin; the vent is cleaned in a catalytic oxidiser and both the reactor and the oxidiser raise steam. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate inventory.
Air, Methanol, Water→Formaldehyde
Concept · not reviewed
Methanol and carbon monoxide form methyl formate over sodium methoxide; the ester is hydrolysed with water, methyl formate and methanol are recycled, and the aqueous acid is concentrated to 85 wt% by pressure-swing distillation. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Air, Carbon monoxide, Methanol, Sodium methoxide, Water→Formic acid
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of desulfurised gas oil: feed, hydrogen and H2S from model formulas fitted to the linked crude's gas oil sulfur, one operating unit's make-up hydrogen and PRELIM's product hydrogen; utilities and heater emissions from EU REF BREF ranges and two installations. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Gas oil (straight-run), Hydrogen, Methane, Water→Diesel (desulfurised gas oil), Hydrogen sulfide
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of HDPE pellets: utilities and direct emissions from the Plastics Europe eco-profile's gate-to-gate averages of European plants, ethylene from stoichiometry with the sourced losses, 1-butene from the branch count. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
1-Butene, Air, Ethylene, Hydrogen, Isobutane (2-methylpropane), Water→Polyethylene
Concept · not reviewed
Ammonia is oxidised by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of methyl ethyl ketone to the ketazine, which separates as an organic phase, is distilled and hydrolysed under pressure to hydrazine hydrate; the ketone is recycled. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI per kg hydrazine hydrate (64 wt% N2H4), foreground only.
Acetic acid, Ammonia, Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone), Disodium hydrogen phosphate, Hydrogen peroxide, Water→Hydrazine
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of hydrocracked products (LPG to diesel range, unsplit): conversion, bleed, hydrogen, fuel, power, water and catalyst from EU REF BREF ranges, closed by surrogate-compound element balances. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Hydrogen, Methane, Vacuum gas oil, Water→Hydrocracked products (LPG to diesel range), Hydrogen sulfide, Refinery fuel gas, Hydrocracker unconverted oil (bleed)
Concept · not reviewed
Bromine vapour burnt in a 5 % excess of hydrogen in a water-cooled burner, the residual bromine converted on an activated-carbon bed, the HBr gas absorbed in a graphite falling-film absorber to 48 wt-% hydrobromic acid and the tail gas scrubbed with the absorption water; bromine (bromine-1, planned) and hydrogen (hydrogen-1) as boundary feeds. Concept stage, 8 kt/a HBr, assumed basis.
Bromine, Hydrogen, Water→Hydrogen bromide
Concept · not reviewed
Natural gas is desulfurised, reformed with steam over nickel in a fired tubular reformer, shifted at high temperature and purified by pressure swing adsorption to 99.9 mol% hydrogen; the PSA tail gas fires the reformer with trim natural gas and surplus steam is exported. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Air, Methane, Water→Hydrogen, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Chlorine burnt in a 10 % excess of hydrogen in a steam-raising synthesis furnace, the HCl gas absorbed in a water-cooled graphite falling-film absorber to 33 wt-% hydrochloric acid and the tail gas scrubbed with the absorption water; chlorine and hydrogen from chlor-alkali-1. Concept stage, 26.4 kt/a HCl, assumed basis.
Chlorine, Hydrogen, Water→Hydrogen chloride, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Cyclic hydrogenation of a 2-ethylanthraquinone working solution on palladium, autoxidation with air, water extraction, crude purification and vacuum concentration to 50 wt% H2O2, with working-solution drying and alumina regeneration; hydrogen is a boundary feed. Concept stage, assumed basis set inside the EU LVOC BREF ranges.
2-Ethylanthraquinone, Air, Aluminium oxide, Hydrogen, Water→Hydrogen peroxide
Concept · not reviewed
Nitric oxide made by burning ammonia with oxygen and steam over Pt/Rh is hydrogenated in dilute sulfuric acid over suspended platinum on graphite (BASF-type process) to a 25.4 wt% hydroxylammonium sulfate solution for oximation; ammonia, oxygen, hydrogen and sulfuric acid are boundary feeds. Concept stage, basis set on open patent examples.
Air, Ammonia, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfuric acid, Water→Hydroxylammonium sulfate, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Utility dataset: dry instrument air at 8 bar(a) (-40 degC pressure dew point), per kg: compressor power from the isothermal work and an ASSUMED efficiency, heatless dryer purge, heat to cooling water, condensate to treatment.
Air→Instrument air
Concept · not reviewed
An Oklahoma-type formation brine with 300 mg/kg iodide is acidified, chlorinated and blown out with circulating air; the iodine is absorbed in HI/H2SO4 liquor with SO2, re-liberated with chlorine, filtered, melted under sulfuric acid and flaked; the spent brine is neutralised and reinjected. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate inventory.
Chlorine, Sodium hydroxide, Sulfur dioxide, Sulfuric acid, Water→Iodine
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: iodine is dosed over 10 h into red phosphorus in methanol at its reflux temperature; the crude iodomethane is distilled off the residue, washed, dried and distilled. Concept stage, 1465 kg per batch every 23.2 h, thermal screening, preliminary LCI.
Calcium chloride, Iodine, Methanol, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sodium thiosulfate, Water→Iodomethane (methyl iodide)
Concept · not reviewed
High-purity isobutene by gas-phase cracking of MTBE over an acidic catalyst, with MTBE recycle, a water wash for methanol, a drying/DME column and methanol recovery; methanol is a co-product. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary LCI (foreground inventory only).
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), Water→Isobutene (2-methylpropene), Methanol
Concept · not reviewed
Low-pressure methanol synthesis loop on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 with a boiling-water converter, recycle and purge, and two-column distillation to Grade AA methanol; make-up synthesis gas from a natural-gas reformer outside the boundary. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen, Methane→Methanol
Concept · not reviewed
Methanol and ammonia react over amorphous silica-alumina at 350-440 C to an equilibrium mix of mono-, di- and trimethylamine; ammonia, TMA, surplus MMA and methanol are recycled, and a five-column train (ammonia, TMA extractive distillation with water, dehydration, MMA/DMA, methanol recovery) gives 8 t/h of anhydrous amines (concept design, gate-to-gate LCI).
Ammonia, Methanol→Dimethylamine, Methylamine (monomethylamine), Trimethylamine
Concept · level Balanced · not reviewedEvidence outdated
A batch plant: methyl bromide gas is dosed into magnesium in dry 2-MeTHF at 318 K, 5 % first and a hold for the initiation; ethane and unabsorbed methyl bromide leave by the vent, and the 35 wt% solution is filtered from the excess magnesium. Concept stage, 5000 kg every 9.0 h on a dedicated train, initiation and accumulation screened, preliminary LCI.
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran, Bromomethane (methyl bromide), Iodine, Magnesium, Nitrogen→Methylmagnesium bromide
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: liquid methyl bromide is dosed into triphenylphosphine dissolved in toluene in a closed pressure vessel at 333 K, the salt precipitates, is filtered, washed with recovered toluene and vacuum-dried in a filter-dryer, and the toluene is recovered in a batch still. Concept stage, 1057.1 kg per batch every 10.20 h on a dedicated train, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Bromomethane (methyl bromide), Nitrogen, Toluene, Triphenylphosphine→Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: bromine (bromine-1) is dosed over 2 h into succinimide in cold caustic soda, the N-bromosuccinimide precipitates, is filtered, washed with ice water and vacuum-dried; half of the bromine leaves as NaBr in the mother liquor. Concept stage, assumed basis, 334 kg per batch every 5.3 h on a dedicated train, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI. The library's first batch entry.
Bromine, Sodium hydroxide, Succinimide, Water→N-Bromosuccinimide
Concept · not reviewed
One-step liquid-phase carbonylation of dimethylamine with CO in methanol on a sodium methoxide catalyst, in-situ catalyst deactivation and salt filtration, methanol/DMA recovery with recycle and vacuum finishing of DMF. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Carbon monoxide, Dimethylamine, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sodium methoxide→N,N-Dimethylformamide
Concept · not reviewed
A sweet, CO2-bearing rich shale gas (100 MMscf/d) treated to pipeline sales gas and a C2+ NGL: inlet separation, MDEA CO2 removal, TEG and molecular sieve dehydration, turbo-expander NGL recovery and electric residue compression. Concept stage, sourced feed, assumed basis.
Raw natural gas, Water→Methane, Natural gas liquids
Concept · not reviewed
Tier 0 screening per tonne of NPK 15-15-15: feeds from the stoichiometry of a model rock and product with the EFMA NP-solution composition, utilities from two EU plants in the LVIC-AAF BREF, emissions from EFMA BAT levels. Ammonium nitrate and lime are co-products. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, Dolomite, Methane, Nitric acid, Phosphate rock, Potassium chloride→Ammonium nitrate, Calcium carbonate, NPK compound fertiliser, Silicon dioxide
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: toluene is dosed into chlorosulfonic acid with ammonium chloride (HCl vented to a scrubber), a second acid portion gives the sulfonyl chlorides, and the mass is drowned in cold water, where p-TsCl precipitates, is filtered, washed and vacuum-dried. Concept stage, 1749 kg per batch every 13.85 h on a dedicated train, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Ammonium chloride, Chlorosulfonic acid, Sodium hydroxide, Toluene, Water→p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride
Concept · not reviewed
Carbon monoxide and chlorine react over activated carbon in a boiling-water-cooled multitubular reactor; the phosgene is condensed and delivered as a liquid to an adjacent isocyanate plant, and the CO-rich vent is scrubbed with caustic and burnt. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Air, Carbon monoxide, Chlorine, Sodium hydroxide, Water→Phosgene
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of merchant-grade acid (54 % P2O5): rock, sulfuric acid and phosphogypsum from the stoichiometry of a model Moroccan rock with the BREF's dihydrate P2O5 efficiency; power, steam, water and fluosilicic acid from EFMA ranges. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Phosphate rock, Sulfuric acid, Water→Fluosilicic acid (hexafluorosilicic acid), Phosphoric acid
Concept · not reviewed
Molten white phosphorus is chlorinated to phosphorus trichloride in a boiling reactor-still, the PCl3 is oxidised with pipeline oxygen in a cooled loop reactor and the POCl3 is distilled in two columns; the reactor vents are scrubbed with caustic. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Chlorine, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sodium hydroxide, Water→Phosphorus oxychloride (phosphoryl chloride)
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: molten white phosphorus and bromine (bromine-1) are dosed together into a PBr3 heel at 125 C; the crude takes up its free bromine on red phosphorus and is distilled under vacuum. Concept stage, 1421 kg per batch every 11.3 h on a dedicated train, thermal screening, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Bromine, Nitrogen, Phosphorus→Phosphorus tribromide
Concept · not reviewed
Tier 0 screening per tonne of phthalimide: stoichiometry with a BASF patent's yield and ammonia ratio (ejector and tube reactor, continuous), electricity and heat from core's defaults. Phthalic anhydride is bought in. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Ammonia, Phthalic anhydride→Phthalimide
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of bottle-grade PET resin: feeds from stoichiometry with POL BREF losses, electricity, natural gas and water from a US industry average (NAPCOR 2020). No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Ethylene glycol (monoethylene glycol), Isophthalic acid, Methane, Terephthalic acid, Water→Polyethylene terephthalate
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of polypropylene resin: the published gate-to-gate data of three US plants (2015-2016, two-thirds bulk loop, one-third gas phase), natural gas combustion by stoichiometry. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Methane, Propylene→Polypropylene
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of grey clinker: raw meal and calcination CO2 from IPCC default clinker chemistry, fuel and stack emissions from the EU CLM BREF, petroleum coke as the fuel (ASSUMED). No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Clay, shale and raw-meal correctives, Limestone, Petroleum coke→Portland cement clinker
Concept · not reviewed
Technical-grade KMnO4 from manganese ore: KOH roasting with air to potassium manganate, leaching, electrolytic oxidation in divided cells, crystallisation and drying, with the KOH recycled by evaporation. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate inventory.
Air, Calcium hydroxide, Manganese dioxide, Potassium hydroxide, Water→Potassium permanganate
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: molten potassium is dosed into excess dry tert-butanol (hydrogen to the flare), the alcohol is stripped, recycled and the solvate vacuum-dried; the azeotropic make-up from tert-butanol-1 is dried on a molecular sieve. Concept stage, 831.6 kg per batch every 6.586 h on a dedicated train, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Nitrogen, Potassium, tert-Butanol (2-methylpropan-2-ol), Water→Potassium tert-butoxide
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of liquid primary aluminium: alumina, net anode, aluminium fluoride and electricity as midpoints of EU NFM BREF ranges; anode CO2 and SO2 by mass balance, CF4 and C2F6 by the IPCC 2006 Tier 2 slope method. Anodes bought in, no casthouse. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Aluminium fluoride, Aluminium oxide, Prebaked carbon anode→Aluminium
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of propylene: propane and electricity from one published 2022 design (Oleflex type), the hydrogen-rich net gas and light ends burnt on site, combustion CO2 from the carbon balance. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Chlorine, Propane, Sodium hydroxide→Propylene
Concept · not reviewed
Tier 0 screening per tonne of propylene oxide: stoichiometry with a patent's dichloropropane range, older US lime use, the LVOC BREF's effluent, and the IEA's Western European electricity and steam averages for propylene oxide (route not named). No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Calcium oxide, Chlorine, Propylene, Water→Propylene oxide
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of PTA: feeds from a patent's figures for conventional plants, electricity from one EU plant's estimate, steam from the IEA's best-practice value, vent emissions from US EPA AP-42, CO2, water and oxygen from element balances. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Acetic acid, Air, p-Xylene, Water→Terephthalic acid
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of high-calcium quicklime: limestone and process CO2 from stoichiometry, fuel heat, electricity and kiln emissions from EU CLM BREF ranges for the PFRK. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Limestone, Methane→Calcium oxide
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of raw (not upgraded) pyrolysis oil from sorted PE/PP waste: yield and process heat from a 2026 JRC review, electricity from a US company survey, part of the gas fired for heat. The oil is a steam-cracker feed after upgrading. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Mixed polyolefin plastic waste→Plastic pyrolysis gas, Plastic pyrolysis oil
Concept · not reviewed
Refining of the crude glycerol phase of a biodiesel plant to USP-grade glycerol (99.7 wt%): HCl acidulation, fatty-layer separation, neutralisation, methanol recovery, vacuum dewatering, vacuum distillation with salt removal and activated carbon bleaching. Concept stage, sourced feed, assumed separation parameters.
Crude glycerol, Hydrogen chloride, Sodium hydroxide, Water→Glycerol, Methanol
Concept · not reviewed
Crude crystalline silicon carbide from silica sand and petroleum coke in batch Acheson resistance furnaces: gas burn-off over the charge, ingot cooling, breaking and sorting with recycle of the unreacted mix, crushing. Electricity per kg, CO and SO2 explicit. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Air, Petroleum coke, Silicon dioxide→Silicon carbide
Concept · not reviewed
Synthetic soda ash from brine and limestone by the Solvay process: lime kiln, brine ammoniation, carbonation, filtration, steam calcination and ammonia recovery with milk of lime; CaCl2 distiller waste and kiln CO2 explicit. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Air, Ammonia, Limestone, Metallurgical coke, Sodium chloride, Water→Sodium carbonate
Concept · not reviewed
A batch plant: methyl nitrite from sodium nitrite, methanol and sulfuric acid is absorbed into hydrazine and caustic soda; sodium azide precipitates from the concentrated liquor and is filtered, washed and dried in a filter-dryer, the mother liquor recycled. Concept stage, 1028 kg per batch every 12.1 h, thermal screening, preliminary LCI.
Hydrazine, Methanol, Nitrogen, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium nitrite, Sulfuric acid, Water→Sodium azide
Concept · not reviewed
Nitrous gas from the catalytic oxidation of ammonia absorbed in soda solution near atmospheric pressure, the nitrite liquor evaporated and crystallised to dried sodium nitrite, and the mother-liquor purge inverted with nitric acid to sodium nitrate. Ammonia, soda ash and nitric acid from ammonia-1, soda-ash-1 and nitric-acid-1. Concept stage, 20 kt/a NaNO2, assumed basis.
Air, Ammonia, Nitric acid, Sodium carbonate→Sodium nitrate, Sodium nitrite
Concept · not reviewed
Methane, ammonia and air react over a Pt/Rh gauze to HCN (Andrussow); unconverted ammonia is recovered and recycled, HCN is absorbed in chilled water, refined and neutralised with caustic soda, and sodium cyanide is crystallised under vacuum and dried. The tail gas raises steam. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate inventory.
Air, Ammonia, Methane, Sodium hydroxide→Sodium cyanide, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Utility dataset: saturated steam at 11 bar(a) from a natural-gas fired boiler, per tonne of steam, from the boiler's energy balance and the combustion stoichiometry of methane, with combustion emissions from EPA AP-42 Section 1.4 for a small uncontrolled boiler; boiler class and design parameters ASSUMED.
Air, Methane, Water→Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of styrene monomer, with toluene and benzene as co-products: midpoints of EU LVOC BREF ranges and a closing balance. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Ethylbenzene, Methane, Water→Benzene, Styrene, Toluene
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of liquid sulfur from refinery acid gas: recovery, fuel, electricity, steam and cooling water from the EU REF BREF, incinerator NOx, CO and hydrocarbons from US EPA AP-42. Steam exported as a co-product. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Hydrogen sulfide, Methane, Water→Steam, Sulfur
Concept · not reviewed
Molten sulfur burned in dried air, SO2 oxidised over four V2O5 beds (3+1) with intermediate and final absorption to 98.5 wt% acid; waste heat recovered as exported HP steam. Concept stage, assumed basis, with a preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Air, Sulfur, Water→Sulfuric acid
Concept · not reviewed
Tier 0 screening per tonne of tert-butanol: stoichiometry with a patent's by-product rate, electricity and heat from core's defaults (no open energy figure found). No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Isobutene (2-methylpropene), Water→tert-Butanol (2-methylpropan-2-ol)
Concept · not reviewed
Acid-catalysed cyclodehydration of purchased 1,4-butanediol to THF by reactive distillation with homogeneous p-toluenesulfonic acid, then pressure-swing distillation of the THF/water azeotrope at 110 and 800 kPa(a) with condenser-reboiler integration. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI (foreground only).
Butane-1,4-diol, p-Toluenesulfonic acid→Tetrahydrofuran
Concept · not reviewed
Sulfur is chlorinated to sulfur chlorides, whose SCl2 reacts with sulfur dioxide and chlorine over activated carbon at about 200 C; the crude is condensed, degassed (SO2 and Cl2 recycled) and distilled with sulfur to 99.7 wt% thionyl chloride. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Chlorine, Sodium hydroxide, Sulfur, Sulfur dioxide, Water→Thionyl chloride
Concept · not reviewed
Thermal hydrodealkylation of toluene with hydrogen to benzene: adiabatic reactor, quench, HP separator, hydrogen recycle with purge and purge hydrogen recovery (PSA), stabiliser, benzene and toluene columns with toluene recycle and a biphenyl by-product. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary LCI (cradle-to-gate study, foreground inventory only).
Hydrogen, Methane, Toluene→Benzene, Biphenyl, Hydrogen, Methane
Concept · not reviewed
Fertiliser urea from ammonia and CO2 (both from an ammonia plant outside the boundary) by high-pressure CO2 stripping with total recycle, low-pressure recirculation, two-stage vacuum evaporation and prilling with exhaust scrubbing. Concept stage, assumed basis, preliminary gate-to-gate LCI.
Air, Ammonia, Carbon dioxide→Urea, Water
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of VCM: ethylene, chlorine, fuel, steam and power from EU LVOC BREF ranges, oxygen and residues from stoichiometry, vent CO2 and combustion CH4 from IPCC 2006. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Chlorine, Ethylene, Methane, Oxygen, Water→Vinyl chloride
Concept · not reviewed
Sourced conceptual inventory per tonne of mixed municipal solid waste burnt on a moving grate with district-heating CHP: the waste by its ultimate analysis, combustion stoichiometry, energy, reagents, residues and air emissions from EU WI BREF ranges, N2O and CH4 from IPCC 2006. The net electricity and heat are the products. No flowsheet; not reviewed.
Air, Ammonia, Calcium oxide, Methane, Municipal solid waste, mixed→Electricity, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
Utility dataset: biological treatment of industrial wastewater at an ASSUMED design COD, per m3: aeration and pumping power, CO2 of the oxidised organics, residual COD, excess sludge; from COD and biomass stoichiometry with ASSUMED design parameters.
Wastewater→Wastewater
Concept · not reviewed
Dual-pressure Ostwald process: ammonia burned with air over Pt/Rh gauze at about 0.5 MPa, heat recovered to HP steam, nitrous gas compressed and absorbed in water at about 1.1 MPa to 60 wt% nitric acid, tail gas treated for N2O and NOx and expanded. Concept stage, assumed basis.
Air, Ammonia, Water→Nitric acid, Steam
Concept · not reviewed
| Process | Family | In → out | Calculation maturity | Review status | Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,3-Butadiene by extractive distillation of a steam-cracker crude C4 cut | Olefins | Crude C4 cut → 1,3-Butadiene, C3 and C4 acetylenes purge of butadiene extraction, Raffinate-1 (C4 raffinate) | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Acetaldehyde by the one-stage Wacker oxidation of ethylene (100 kt/a) | Oxygenates | Ethylene, Hydrogen chloride, Oxygen, Water → Acetaldehyde | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Acetic acid by low-water iridium methanol carbonylation (60 t/h glacial acid, concept) | Oxygenates | Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen, Iodomethane (methyl iodide), Methanol → Acetic acid | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Acetic anhydride by the ketene route (acetic acid cracking, 50 kt/a, concept) | Oxygenates | Acetic acid, Air, Ammonia, Methane, Triethyl phosphate → Acetic anhydride | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Acetone and phenol from cumene (cumene hydroperoxide route, 200 kt/a phenol) | Aromatics | Air, Cumene, Hydrogen, Sodium hydroxide, Sulfuric acid, Water → Acetone, Phenol | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Acetyl chloride by semi-batch reaction of acetic acid with PCl3, phase split and batch distillation (2000 t/a) | Chlorinated organics | Acetic acid, Nitrogen, Phosphorus trichloride, Water → Acetyl chloride, Phosphorous acid (phosphonic acid) | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Acetylene by partial oxidation of natural gas with NMP recovery (6.25 t/h, synthesis-gas co-product) | Olefins, Syngas | Air, Methane, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, Oxygen → Acetylene, Synthesis gas | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Adipic acid from cyclohexane via KA oil and nitric acid oxidation | Oxygenates | Air, Cyclohexane, Nitric acid → Adipic acid | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Alumina by the Bayer process (3000 t/d smelter-grade alumina, concept) | Aluminium | Air, Bauxite, Calcium oxide, Methane, Sodium hydroxide, Water → Aluminium oxide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Ammonia from natural gas (1500 t/d, steam reforming with air-fed secondary reformer, Haber-Bosch loop) | Ammonia | Air, Methane, Water → Ammonia, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | P&ID · 3D · LCA |
| Ammonium hydroxide (aqueous ammonia, 25 wt% NH3) by continuous dilution of liquid ammonia in water | Ammonia | Ammonia, Water → Ammonium hydroxide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate by neutralisation of nitric acid with ammonia | Fertilizers | Ammonia, Limestone, Nitric acid → Ammonium nitrate, Calcium ammonium nitrate | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Ammonium sulfate by direct neutralisation of ammonia with sulfuric acid | Fertilizers | Ammonia, Sulfuric acid, Water → Ammonium sulfate | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Anhydrous hydrogen iodide by gas-phase catalytic synthesis from hydrogen and iodine | Inorganic chemicals | Hydrogen, Iodine → Hydrogen iodide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Aniline by adiabatic gas-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (25 t/h) | Nitrogen organics | Hydrogen, Nitrobenzene → Aniline, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Benzene, toluene and mixed xylenes by solvent extraction of catalytic reformate | Aromatics | Reformate, Water → Raffinate of aromatics extraction, Benzene, C9+ aromatics (heavy aromatics cut), Toluene, Mixed xylenes | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Benzoyl chloride by semi-batch reaction of benzotrichloride with benzoic acid and batch vacuum distillation (2000 t/a) | Chlorinated organics | Benzoic acid, Benzotrichloride, Nitrogen, Water, Zinc chloride → Benzoyl chloride, Hydrogen chloride | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Benzyl alcohol by continuous hydrolysis of benzyl chloride with soda solution | Oxygenates | Benzyl chloride, Sodium carbonate, Water → Benzyl alcohol | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Benzyl bromide by light-driven semi-batch bromination of toluene, HBr absorption and batch distillation (1000 t/a) | Chlorinated organics | Bromine, Nitrogen, Toluene, Water → Benzyl bromide, Hydrogen bromide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Benzyl chloroformate by semi-batch phosgenation of benzyl alcohol at reduced pressure (1000 t/a, batch) | Chlorinated organics | Benzyl alcohol, Nitrogen, Phosgene, Sodium hydroxide, Water → Benzyl chloroformate | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Bio-ethylene by catalytic dehydration of ethanol (adiabatic fixed beds, steam dilution) | Bio based chemicals | Ethanol, Sodium hydroxide → Ethylene | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Bleached softwood kraft pulp with chemical recovery (1000 ADt/d market pulp, concept) | Bio based chemicals | Air, Calcium oxide, Chlorine dioxide, Hydrogen peroxide, Methane, Oxygen, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium sulfate, Sulfuric acid, Water, Wood chips → Bleached kraft pulp, Electricity | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Bromine from bromide brine by chlorine oxidation and steaming-out (Smackover-type brine) | Inorganic chemicals | Calcium hydroxide, Chlorine, Sulfuric acid, Water → Bromine | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Carbon tetrabromide by semi-batch haloform bromination of acetone in aqueous hypobromite (314 t/a) | Chlorinated organics | Acetone, Bromine, Nitrogen, Sodium hydroxide, Tetrabutylammonium bromide, Water → Carbon tetrabromide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Catalytic reforming of naphtha with continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR) | Refining | Air, Naphtha, Water → Hydrogen, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), Refinery fuel gas, Reformate | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Chilled water at 6 degC from an electric chiller | Utilities | Electricity → Chilled water | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Chlor-alkali by membrane-cell electrolysis (100 kt/a Cl2, 50 wt-% caustic soda, hydrogen) | Chlor alkali, Electrolysis | Hydrogen chloride, Sodium carbonate, Sodium chloride, Sodium sulfite, Sulfuric acid, Water → Chlorine, Hydrogen, Sodium hydroxide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Chloromethane from methanol and hydrogen chloride (gas-phase hydrochlorination, 100 kt/a) | Chlorinated organics | Hydrogen chloride, Methanol, Nitrogen, Sulfuric acid → Chloromethane (methyl chloride) | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| CO2 conditioning of a high-purity source (ammonia CO2 stripper vent), compression and TEG drying | Carbon capture | Carbon dioxide, Triethylene glycol, Water → Carbon dioxide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| CO2 electrolysis to CO in reverse-bias bipolar-membrane cells (measured bench cell, two pilot skids) | Electrolysis | Carbon dioxide, Potassium hydroxide, Water → Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen, Oxygen | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | P&ID · 3D · LCA |
| Cooling water, evaporative cooling tower, 25/35 degC | Utilities | Water → Cooling water | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Copper(I) chloride by semi-batch chlorination of copper in brine, dilution precipitation and filter-drying (300 t/a) | Inorganic chemicals | Chlorine, Copper, Ethanol, Hydrogen chloride, Sodium chloride, Water → Copper(I) chloride | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Crude oil distillation, atmospheric and vacuum (crude and high vacuum units) | Refining | Atmospheric residue, Crude oil, Water → Atmospheric residue, Gas oil (straight-run), Kerosene, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), Naphtha, Refinery fuel gas, Vacuum gas oil, Vacuum residue | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Crude steel by the integrated blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace route | Iron steel | Argon, Calcium oxide, Coking coal, Dolomite, Ferroalloys, Hard coal, Heavy fuel oil, Iron ore, Iron ore pellets, Limestone, Methane, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Steel scrap → Benzene, Blast furnace slag, Coal tar, Crude steel, Steelmaking slag, Sulfur | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Cryogenic air separation unit (500 t/d GOX) | Air separation, Industrial gases, Cryogenic separation | Air → Nitrogen, Oxygen | Balanced(design maturity screening) | Not independently reviewed | P&ID · 3D · LCA · 12 open items |
| Cumene by zeolite alkylation of benzene with propylene | Aromatics | Benzene, Propylene → Cumene | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate by semi-batch carbonation and phosgenation of potassium tert-butoxide (500 t/a) | Oxygenates | Carbon dioxide, n-Hexane, Nitrogen, Phosgene, Potassium tert-butoxide, Sodium hydroxide, Triethylenediamine (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), Water, White mineral oil (liquid paraffin) → Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene (100 000 t/a anhydrous, phosphoric acid catalyst) | Oxygenates | Ethylene, Water → Ethanol | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Ethylbenzene by liquid-phase zeolite alkylation of benzene with ethylene | Styrenics | Benzene, Ethylene, Water → Ethylbenzene | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Ethylene and propylene by ethane steam cracking (1000 kt/a ethylene, concept) | Olefins | Air, Ethane, Methane, Sodium hydroxide, Water → Crude C4 cut, Ethylene, Propylene, Pyrolysis gasoline, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Ethylene glycol by ethylene oxide hydration (glycols-only EO/EG plant, 1200 t/d MEG) | Oxygenates | Ethylene, Methane, Oxygen, Water → Diethylene glycol, Ethylene glycol (monoethylene glycol), Triethylene glycol | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Fischer-Tropsch e-fuel from CO2 and hydrogen by reverse water-gas shift and cobalt FT synthesis | Synthetic fuels | Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen → Fischer-Tropsch liquid fuel | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Flaring of methane-rich waste gas | Waste treatment | Air, Waste gas to flare → Waste gas to flare | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Fluid catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil (full-combustion regenerator) | Refining | Air, Vacuum gas oil → FCC gasoline (cracked naphtha), Heavy cycle oil and slurry oil, Light cycle oil, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), Refinery fuel gas | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Formaldehyde by methanol oxidation over iron molybdate (Formox type, 20 t/h formalin 50 wt%) | Oxygenates | Air, Methanol, Water → Formaldehyde | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Formic acid 85 wt% by methanol carbonylation and methyl formate hydrolysis (50 kt/a) | Oxygenates | Air, Carbon monoxide, Methanol, Sodium methoxide, Water → Formic acid | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Gas oil hydrodesulfurisation to ultra-low-sulfur diesel (fixed-bed CoMo hydrotreater) | Refining | Air, Gas oil (straight-run), Hydrogen, Methane, Water → Diesel (desulfurised gas oil), Hydrogen sulfide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| High-density polyethylene by low-pressure polymerisation of ethylene (European average) | Polyolefins | 1-Butene, Air, Ethylene, Hydrogen, Isobutane (2-methylpropane), Water → Polyethylene | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Hydrazine hydrate by the peroxide process (PCUK, methyl ethyl ketazine route, 16 kt/a) | Inorganic chemicals | Acetic acid, Ammonia, Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone), Disodium hydrogen phosphate, Hydrogen peroxide, Water → Hydrazine | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Hydrocracking of vacuum gas oil, single-stage recycle | Refining | Air, Hydrogen, Methane, Vacuum gas oil, Water → Hydrocracked products (LPG to diesel range), Hydrogen sulfide, Refinery fuel gas, Hydrocracker unconverted oil (bleed) | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Hydrogen bromide synthesis burner with catalytic finishing and absorption (48 wt-% hydrobromic acid) | Inorganic chemicals | Bromine, Hydrogen, Water → Hydrogen bromide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Hydrogen by natural-gas steam methane reforming with PSA (100 000 Nm3/h, steam export) | Hydrogen | Air, Methane, Water → Hydrogen, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Hydrogen chloride synthesis burner and absorption (33 wt-% hydrochloric acid, steam recovery) | Chlor alkali | Chlorine, Hydrogen, Water → Hydrogen chloride, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Hydrogen peroxide by the anthraquinone autoxidation process (50 kt/a H2O2, 50 wt%) | Inorganic chemicals | 2-Ethylanthraquinone, Air, Aluminium oxide, Hydrogen, Water → Hydrogen peroxide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Hydroxylammonium sulfate by catalytic NO hydrogenation (30 kt/a NH2OH, 25 wt% solution) | Inorganic chemicals | Air, Ammonia, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfuric acid, Water → Hydroxylammonium sulfate, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Instrument air, dried, 8 bar(a) | Utilities | Air → Instrument air | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Iodine from natural iodide brine by chlorine oxidation, air blowing-out and SO2 absorption (1000 t/a) | Inorganic chemicals | Chlorine, Sodium hydroxide, Sulfur dioxide, Sulfuric acid, Water → Iodine | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Iodomethane from methanol, red phosphorus and iodine, batch reflux reaction and batch distillation (500 t/a) | Chlorinated organics | Calcium chloride, Iodine, Methanol, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sodium thiosulfate, Water → Iodomethane (methyl iodide) | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Isobutene by MTBE cracking (50 kt/a, gas-phase cleavage) | Olefins | Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), Water → Isobutene (2-methylpropene), Methanol | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Methanol synthesis loop and purification (2500 t/d Grade AA, natural-gas syngas) | Methanol | Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen, Methane → Methanol | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | P&ID · LCA |
| Methylamines (MMA, DMA, TMA) from methanol and ammonia | Nitrogen organics | Ammonia, Methanol → Dimethylamine, Methylamine (monomethylamine), Trimethylamine | Balanced (evidence outdated)(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Methylmagnesium bromide in 2-MeTHF by semi-batch Grignard reaction with methyl bromide gas dosing (4400 t/a) | Inorganic chemicals | 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran, Bromomethane (methyl bromide), Iodine, Magnesium, Nitrogen → Methylmagnesium bromide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide by semi-batch quaternisation of PPh3 with methyl bromide in toluene (820 t/a) | Chlorinated organics | Bromomethane (methyl bromide), Nitrogen, Toluene, Triphenylphosphine → Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| N-Bromosuccinimide by semi-batch bromination of succinimide in aqueous NaOH (500 t/a) | Nitrogen organics | Bromine, Sodium hydroxide, Succinimide, Water → N-Bromosuccinimide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| N,N-Dimethylformamide by carbonylation of dimethylamine (50 kt/a, sodium methoxide in methanol) | Nitrogen organics | Carbon monoxide, Dimethylamine, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sodium methoxide → N,N-Dimethylformamide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Natural gas processing (amine CO2 removal, TEG dehydration, turbo-expander NGL recovery) | Fuels | Raw natural gas, Water → Methane, Natural gas liquids | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| NPK 15-15-15 by the nitrophosphate (ODDA) route, with CNTH conversion to ammonium nitrate and lime | Fertilizers | Air, Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, Dolomite, Methane, Nitric acid, Phosphate rock, Potassium chloride → Ammonium nitrate, Calcium carbonate, NPK compound fertiliser, Silicon dioxide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride by semi-batch chlorosulfonation of toluene with a drown-out quench (1000 t/a) | Chlorinated organics | Ammonium chloride, Chlorosulfonic acid, Sodium hydroxide, Toluene, Water → p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Phosgene from CO and chlorine over activated carbon (17.3 t/h liquid phosgene, captive) | Chlorinated organics | Air, Carbon monoxide, Chlorine, Sodium hydroxide, Water → Phosgene | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Phosphoric acid by the wet dihydrate process (merchant grade, from phosphate rock and sulfuric acid) | Phosphoric acid | Phosphate rock, Sulfuric acid, Water → Fluosilicic acid (hexafluorosilicic acid), Phosphoric acid | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Phosphorus oxychloride from white phosphorus, chlorine and oxygen via PCl3 (4.0 t/h) | Inorganic chemicals | Chlorine, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sodium hydroxide, Water → Phosphorus oxychloride (phosphoryl chloride) | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Phosphorus tribromide by semi-batch bromination of white phosphorus in a PBr3 heel (1000 t/a) | Inorganic chemicals | Bromine, Nitrogen, Phosphorus → Phosphorus tribromide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Phthalimide by continuous reaction of molten phthalic anhydride with ammonia | Nitrogen organics | Ammonia, Phthalic anhydride → Phthalimide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Polyethylene terephthalate by continuous PTA esterification, melt polycondensation and SSP | Polymers | Air, Ethylene glycol (monoethylene glycol), Isophthalic acid, Methane, Terephthalic acid, Water → Polyethylene terephthalate | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Polypropylene by Ziegler-Natta polymerisation of propylene, bulk loop and gas phase | Polyolefins | Air, Methane, Propylene → Polypropylene | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Portland cement clinker in a dry rotary kiln with cyclone preheater and precalciner | Cement lime | Clay, shale and raw-meal correctives, Limestone, Petroleum coke → Portland cement clinker | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Potassium permanganate from MnO2 ore by KOH roasting and electrolysis (1250 kg/h, concept) | Inorganic chemicals | Air, Calcium hydroxide, Manganese dioxide, Potassium hydroxide, Water → Potassium permanganate | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Potassium tert-butoxide from potassium and dry tert-butanol, semi-batch with alcohol strip and vacuum drying (1000 t/a) | Oxygenates | Nitrogen, Potassium, tert-Butanol (2-methylpropan-2-ol), Water → Potassium tert-butoxide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Primary aluminium by Hall-Heroult electrolysis with point-feed prebaked anodes | Aluminium | Air, Aluminium fluoride, Aluminium oxide, Prebaked carbon anode → Aluminium | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Propylene by catalytic propane dehydrogenation (moving bed with continuous catalyst regeneration) | Olefins | Air, Chlorine, Propane, Sodium hydroxide → Propylene | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Propylene oxide by the chlorohydrin process with lime | Oxygenates | Calcium oxide, Chlorine, Propylene, Water → Propylene oxide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Purified terephthalic acid by air oxidation of p-xylene in acetic acid and hydropurification | Oxygenates | Acetic acid, Air, p-Xylene, Water → Terephthalic acid | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Quicklime by calcination of limestone in a natural-gas-fired parallel flow regenerative kiln | Cement lime | Air, Limestone, Methane → Calcium oxide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Raw pyrolysis oil by continuous thermal pyrolysis of mixed polyolefin plastic waste | Chemical recycling | Mixed polyolefin plastic waste → Plastic pyrolysis gas, Plastic pyrolysis oil | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Refined glycerol (USP) from biodiesel crude glycerol (10 000 t/a, concept) | Bio based chemicals | Crude glycerol, Hydrogen chloride, Sodium hydroxide, Water → Glycerol, Methanol | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Silicon carbide by the Acheson process (5000 kg/h crude SiC, concept) | Inorganic chemicals | Air, Petroleum coke, Silicon dioxide → Silicon carbide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Soda ash by the Solvay ammonia-soda process (1000 t/d light ash, concept) | Soda ash | Air, Ammonia, Limestone, Metallurgical coke, Sodium chloride, Water → Sodium carbonate | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Sodium azide by the hydrazine / methyl nitrite route, batch, with precipitation from the reaction liquor (670 t/a) | Inorganic chemicals | Hydrazine, Methanol, Nitrogen, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium nitrite, Sulfuric acid, Water → Sodium azide | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Sodium nitrite from ammonia oxidation and soda absorption (with sodium nitrate by inversion) | Inorganic chemicals | Air, Ammonia, Nitric acid, Sodium carbonate → Sodium nitrate, Sodium nitrite | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Solid sodium cyanide from Andrussow HCN (6.25 t/h, 50 kt/a) | Inorganic chemicals | Air, Ammonia, Methane, Sodium hydroxide → Sodium cyanide, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Steam generation, natural-gas boiler, saturated 11 bar(a) | Steam and heat | Air, Methane, Water → Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Styrene by adiabatic catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene | Styrenics | Air, Ethylbenzene, Methane, Water → Benzene, Styrene, Toluene | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Sulfur recovery from acid gas by the modified Claus process with a catalytic oxidation tail gas unit | Sulfuric acid | Air, Hydrogen sulfide, Methane, Water → Steam, Sulfur | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Sulfuric acid from sulfur burning, double contact / double absorption (1000 t/d, 98.5 wt%) | Sulfuric acid | Air, Sulfur, Water → Sulfuric acid | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| tert-Butanol by direct hydration of isobutene over an acidic ion-exchange resin | Oxygenates | Isobutene (2-methylpropene), Water → tert-Butanol (2-methylpropan-2-ol) | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Tetrahydrofuran from 1,4-butanediol (50 kt/a, cyclodehydration and pressure-swing distillation) | Oxygenates | Butane-1,4-diol, p-Toluenesulfonic acid → Tetrahydrofuran | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Thionyl chloride from sulfur, chlorine and SO2 over activated carbon (3.75 t/h) | Sulfuric acid, Inorganic chemicals | Chlorine, Sodium hydroxide, Sulfur, Sulfur dioxide, Water → Thionyl chloride | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Toluene hydrodealkylation to benzene (100 kt/a, thermal HDA) | Aromatics | Hydrogen, Methane, Toluene → Benzene, Biphenyl, Hydrogen, Methane | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | P&ID · 3D |
| Urea by CO2 stripping, total recycle, prilling (2000 t/d, concept) | Fertilizers | Air, Ammonia, Carbon dioxide → Urea, Water | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | LCA |
| Vinyl chloride monomer by the balanced EDC process (direct chlorination and oxygen-based oxychlorination) | Chlorinated organics | Air, Chlorine, Ethylene, Methane, Oxygen, Water → Vinyl chloride | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Waste incineration with energy recovery (mixed MSW, moving grate, heat-oriented CHP) | Waste treatment | Air, Ammonia, Calcium oxide, Methane, Municipal solid waste, mixed → Electricity, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Wastewater treatment, activated sludge | Wastewater treatment | Wastewater → Wastewater | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | – |
| Weak nitric acid by dual-pressure ammonia oxidation (1000 t/d HNO3 as 60 wt% acid) | Nitric acid | Air, Ammonia, Water → Nitric acid, Steam | Not assessed(design maturity concept) | Not independently reviewed | P&ID · LCA |
